Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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decrease of 19 billion metric tons of carbon storage capacity. Between 1850 <strong>and</strong> 1980, the earth has lost about 10 billion metric tons of carbon storage capacity due to rangel<strong>and</strong> conversion. In China, 19.3 million ha of rangel<strong>and</strong>s have been reclaimed for agriculture between 1949 <strong>and</strong> 1999, causing a loss of 30 %–50 % of soil carbon. From ecosystem management point of view, it is important to know that rangel<strong>and</strong>s can easily shift from being a carbon sink to a source depending on the health status of the rangel<strong>and</strong>s. It is therefore extremely necessary to underst<strong>and</strong> the threshold or the tipping point at which a regime shift of rangel<strong>and</strong> ecosystem could occur. <strong>Management</strong> activities should aim at maintaining or enhancing the carbon storage capacity of the rangel<strong>and</strong>s. Some researchers believed that restoring the rangel<strong>and</strong>s could increase carbon storage by 3.16–6.60 billion metric tons in China. Meanwhile the huge potential of improving rangel<strong>and</strong> management for carbon storage also means great opportunities for pastoral communities to benefit from carbon trading initiatives. 3.4 Rangel<strong>and</strong>s as important recreational venues With the acceleration of urbanization, the increase of the middle class in cities <strong>and</strong> improving accessibility, rangel<strong>and</strong>s have become one of the most attractive venues of recreation for people who wish to go back to the simplicity of nature. People come to the rangel<strong>and</strong> area to enjoy its rich flora <strong>and</strong> fauna, unique, idyllic <strong>and</strong> ever-changing l<strong>and</strong>scapes, diverse ethnic cultures <strong>and</strong> extreme hospitality of pastoralists or to experience the harshness, remoteness <strong>and</strong> wildness of nature. Corresponding to the migration of labourers from pastoral areas to the cities for off-farm employment, there is an equally impressive influx of city people into the rangel<strong>and</strong>s each year for recreation, learning or simply retreating from bustling city life. This increasing enthusiasm of tourism in the rangel<strong>and</strong> areas has created new income-generating opportunities for pastoral communities. Governments of various levels have been trying to capture such opportunities to transform local economy. In China, Tibet AR, Qinghai, Xinjiang AR, Inner Mongolia AR <strong>and</strong> West Sichuan have all made rangel<strong>and</strong>-based tourism development as their major economic pillars for priority investment. In many places, the share of tourism incomes has been increasing constantly in the household economy <strong>and</strong> local revenue. This increase in tourism incomes is causing a major shift in local economic structure <strong>and</strong> a redistribution of rural labourers. Upper Melang <strong>and</strong> Legbamchongmai are two ‘natural’ villages in Northwest Yunnan Province. As is presented in Figure 2, tourism reception in these two vil- 75 > > > 3. Eco-tourism <strong>and</strong> Nature Protection in Relation to <strong>Pastoralism</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>
lages started in late 1990s. Before 1998, gathering caterpillar fungus (Cordyceps spp.) <strong>and</strong> matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) was generating close to 90 % of the cash incomes of the villages. Starting from 1998, tourism reception becomes the major cash contributor <strong>and</strong> is gradually replacing other activities. As a matter of fact, traditional pastoralism stopped in the village in 2005. In Legbamchongmai, before 2002, tourism reception, gathering, animal breeding <strong>and</strong> planting all contributed more or less equally to the village incomes. But starting from 2002, tourism began to replace other activities by taking away the village labourers <strong>and</strong> becomes the only sources of cash income. 76 �� Source: based on fieldwork by Yi 2006 in Melang <strong>and</strong> Legbamchongmai Northwest Yunnan Figure 2: Changes in cash income composition 3.5 Ecotourism as an approach to integrating development <strong>and</strong> conservation objectives As is discussed in previous section, tourism has emerged as a growing business in rangel<strong>and</strong>s area <strong>and</strong> many local communities <strong>and</strong> governments have been keen to capture such opportunities to transform local economy. Comparing to other enterprises such as pastoralism, gathering <strong>and</strong> mining, all being common
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
Page 25 and 26: In addition, these formulated objec
Page 27 and 28: ditional resources that play a grow
Page 29 and 30: 1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
Page 31 and 32: the headwater areas of the Yellow R
Page 33 and 34: southern mountainous region of TAR,
Page 35 and 36: Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
Page 37 and 38: 2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
Page 39 and 40: Photo 1: The water towers of humank
Page 41 and 42: Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
Page 43 and 44: Second, to earnestly carry out the
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
Page 47 and 48: Farmers and herdsm
Page 49 and 50: tems in Tibet, we should establish
Page 51 and 52: 2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
Page 53 and 54: 2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
Page 55 and 56: Table 1: The coverage of different
Page 57 and 58: of the land but fe
Page 59 and 60: Table 2: Various service function v
Page 61 and 62: thousand hectares
Page 63 and 64: (2) Rangeland rest
Page 65 and 66: forage, the problem of serious wint
Page 67 and 68: 3 Eco-tourism and
Page 69 and 70: 1 Rangelands as na
Page 71 and 72: Holistically valuing a complex syst
Page 73 and 74: This multi-functional nature of the
Page 75: farming landscapes
Page 79 and 80: 78 local communities must be able t
Page 81 and 82: 4.2 From “protection or conservat
Page 83 and 84: 82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
Page 85 and 86: 6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
Page 87 and 88: Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
Page 89 and 90: Photo 1: Landscape
Page 91 and 92: weather is becoming less predictabl
Page 93 and 94: 3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
Page 95 and 96: some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
Page 97 and 98: contributed largely by the native p
Page 99 and 100: The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
Page 101 and 102: conditions and inc
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Balancing Protection an
Page 105 and 106: of the National Scenic Area List <s
Page 107 and 108: “nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
Page 109 and 110: Table 1: Rangeland
Page 111 and 112: pastoralists in the surrounding are
Page 113 and 114: Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
Page 115 and 116: of family income, and</stro
Page 117 and 118: get their supplies from a fixed who
Page 119 and 120: Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
Page 121 and 122: for the introduction and</s
Page 123 and 124: to control the overload of livestoc
Page 125 and 126: partnership. This approach in our v
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Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
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Year Total By Air By Land</
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2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
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natural and cultur
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(TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
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3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
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Lakes just a few kilometers distant
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Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
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4 Niche Production as an Additional
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further accelerating ecosystem degr
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5 Pastoralism-base
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Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
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Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
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5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
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information on value chains, build
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nonetheless to ensure that appropri
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Bhattarai, N. and
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Table 1: Rangeland
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Botanical name and
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Plant species and
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permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
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Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
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Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
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Farmers and herdsm
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5.3 Social problems caused by explo
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Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
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level for making different homestea
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Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
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50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
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complementary to the surplus availa
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for celebratory and</strong
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Wool is sheared three times a year
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2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
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In the mountain areas of Northern P
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are exported in crude form i.e. in
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3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
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Ehlers, E. and H.
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5 Pastoral Practices and</s
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and entrepreneursh
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to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
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pastures in summer from winter camp
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5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
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5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
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The renaissance of modernisation th
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Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
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Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
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4 Resettlement Programmes The above
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5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
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Benson, L. and Sva
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Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
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has been put forward. The governmen
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Revolution, here, refers to the lif
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Table 2: Differentiation between ri
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angeland managemen
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Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
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Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
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poverty and ecolog
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The average annual incomes of herde
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Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
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3.3 Culture and ed
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formed the main basis of the total
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source of income for agro-pastoral
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��
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Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
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254 Improving education Migration &
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5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
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Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
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�� Major owners keep their anim
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Only insignificant cultivation area
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of providing animals with seasonal-
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1 Main Achievements and</st
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4. The emergence of industrial <str
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1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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