Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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2005 2006 2007 Average Source: data from the Office of Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>, Department of Agriculture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pastoralism</strong>, TAR 2009 Figure 2: Cordyceps yields in selected Tibetan prefectures 2005–2007 There are big differences in current estimates of the annual output of Cordyceps sinensis due to different calculation methodologies <strong>and</strong> test locations (Figure 3). Experts <strong>and</strong> local people disagree with each other in their estimates of the trend of annual production capacity of Cordyceps sinensis as well. The general expert opinion is that the over-exploitation is causing a downward trend in production capacity of Cordyceps sinensis. The local people, on the other h<strong>and</strong>, believe that the excavation process of one year will not affect the production capacity of the next. Source: Winkler 2010: 47, all figures are given in metric tons Figure 3: Output of Cordyceps sinensis in selected prefectures of Tibet 1990 to 2009 171 > > > 4. Niche Production as an Additional Asset for <strong>Pastoralism</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>
Farmers <strong>and</strong> herdsmen generally agree that the output is very much related to the climatic conditions of the previous year. As long as there is plenty of precipitation <strong>and</strong> thick snow cover in one year, a big harvest is bound to happen in the next year. There has also been an increasing coverage of Cordyceps sinensis in recent years. Many of the mountain areas where no Cordyceps sinensis was found earlier seem to produce now. This could be caused by rising temperatures <strong>and</strong> abridged precipitations patterns. 4 <strong>Management</strong> of Cordyceps sinensis Resources In 2006 the People’s Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region promulgated Governor’s Decree No. 70 <strong>and</strong> issued the “Interim Measures for the Collection <strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong> of Cordyceps sinensis Resources in Tibet Autonomous Region”. The Department of Agriculture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pastoralism</strong> of the Tibet Autonomous Region was made responsible for managing the region’s Cordyceps sinensis resources. The TAR government in 2009 adopted the “Interim Measures for Exchange <strong>and</strong> Trade of Cordyceps sinensis Resources in Tibet Autonomous Region” (Government Order 90 of the TAR). The Department of Agriculture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pastoralism</strong> has been authorized to issue licenses for collecting <strong>and</strong> trading Cordyceps sinensis <strong>and</strong> to set up regulations for resource management. The local government has also strengthened the management of resources by developing appropriate policies. It sets a st<strong>and</strong>ard fee for resource management <strong>and</strong> issues collection permits. During the peak season of excavation, it sends officers to the excavation points to regulate the number of collectors <strong>and</strong> make sure that no people from outside the county or without a permit enter the sites. Currently, the government is implementing the “zero distance” management model, in which there should be service teams or working groups from the government present wherever people are engaged in collection. These measures have provided the necessary institutional guarantees for the collection of . In 2008, when we were doing some field research in Qamdo, we found working groups in each of the collection points that had been deputised by the prefecture, county or township government. The focus of their work was to examine the collection permits, maintain order <strong>and</strong> make sure that no unauthorised individ uals from outside the county or without a permit entered the collection sites. 5 Problems in Resource Development While the development of Cordyceps sinensis resources has brought economic benefits to the people, it has also created many social <strong>and</strong> environmental problems. The problems are mainly as follows: 172
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
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1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
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the headwater areas of the Yellow R
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southern mountainous region of TAR,
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Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
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2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
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Photo 1: The water towers of humank
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Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
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Second, to earnestly carry out the
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Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
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Farmers and herdsm
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tems in Tibet, we should establish
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2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
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2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
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Table 1: The coverage of different
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of the land but fe
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Table 2: Various service function v
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thousand hectares
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(2) Rangeland rest
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forage, the problem of serious wint
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3 Eco-tourism and
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1 Rangelands as na
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Holistically valuing a complex syst
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This multi-functional nature of the
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farming landscapes
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lages started in late 1990s. Before
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78 local communities must be able t
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4.2 From “protection or conservat
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82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
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6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
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Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
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Photo 1: Landscape
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weather is becoming less predictabl
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3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
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some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
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contributed largely by the native p
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The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
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conditions and inc
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3.3 Balancing Protection an
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of the National Scenic Area List <s
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“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
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Table 1: Rangeland
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pastoralists in the surrounding are
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Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
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of family income, and</stro
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get their supplies from a fixed who
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Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
Page 121 and 122: for the introduction and</s
Page 123 and 124: to control the overload of livestoc
Page 125 and 126: partnership. This approach in our v
Page 127 and 128: Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
Page 129 and 130: Year Total By Air By Land</
Page 131 and 132: 2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
Page 133 and 134: natural and cultur
Page 135 and 136: (TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
Page 137 and 138: 3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
Page 139 and 140: Lakes just a few kilometers distant
Page 141 and 142: Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
Page 143 and 144: 4 Niche Production as an Additional
Page 145 and 146: further accelerating ecosystem degr
Page 147 and 148: 5 Pastoralism-base
Page 149 and 150: Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
Page 151 and 152: Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
Page 153 and 154: 5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
Page 155 and 156: information on value chains, build
Page 157 and 158: nonetheless to ensure that appropri
Page 159 and 160: Bhattarai, N. and
Page 161 and 162: Table 1: Rangeland
Page 163 and 164: Botanical name and
Page 165 and 166: Plant species and
Page 167 and 168: permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
Page 169 and 170: Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
Page 171: Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
Page 175 and 176: 5.3 Social problems caused by explo
Page 177 and 178: Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
Page 179 and 180: level for making different homestea
Page 181 and 182: Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
Page 183 and 184: 50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
Page 185 and 186: complementary to the surplus availa
Page 187 and 188: for celebratory and</strong
Page 189 and 190: Wool is sheared three times a year
Page 191 and 192: 2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
Page 193 and 194: In the mountain areas of Northern P
Page 195 and 196: are exported in crude form i.e. in
Page 197 and 198: 3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200: Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202: 5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203 and 204: and entrepreneursh
Page 205 and 206: to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
Page 207 and 208: pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214: The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215 and 216: Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 217 and 218: Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
Page 219 and 220: 4 Resettlement Programmes The above
Page 221 and 222: 5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
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Benson, L. and Sva
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Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
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has been put forward. The governmen
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Revolution, here, refers to the lif
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Table 2: Differentiation between ri
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angeland managemen
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Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
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Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
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poverty and ecolog
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The average annual incomes of herde
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Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
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3.3 Culture and ed
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formed the main basis of the total
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source of income for agro-pastoral
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��
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Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
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254 Improving education Migration &
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5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
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Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
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�� Major owners keep their anim
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Only insignificant cultivation area
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of providing animals with seasonal-
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1 Main Achievements and</st
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4. The emergence of industrial <str
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1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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