Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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Table 1: Profit margins of medicinal plants at different level markets Name of plant Collector rate (PRs) National market rate (PRs) International market rate (PRs) Aconitum napellus 120 500 3000 Bergenia himalacia 25 250 1500 Carum carvi 200 400–500 2000 Carthamus tinctorius 150 500 1500 Dactylorhiza hatagirea – 500/ 1250 7000 Ephedra gerardiana 5 25 800 Glycyrrhiza glabra 10 30 1200 Hippophae rhamnoides 45 300 500 Picrorhiza kurroa 200 – 4500 Podophyllum emodi 150 400 500 Saussurea lappa 150 150 2500 Thymus serphylum 35 150 1500 Valeriana wallichii – 500 5000 Source: Hussain 2004 AKRSP estimated that 700 species are being used as medicinal/aromatic plants while in the Hindukush, Himalayas <strong>and</strong> Karakorum estimated 25,000 plant species are found out of which 10,000 are termed useful. These plants are collected <strong>and</strong> sold by local hakim (healers), plant collectors <strong>and</strong> dealers. Twenty such species are supplied to the national market, mainly Lahore <strong>and</strong> Karachi (Hussain 2004). The study listed fifteen commercially important medicinal plants based on the following criteria: the endemic nature of plant, high domestic as well as export dem<strong>and</strong>, endangered nature <strong>and</strong> documented use in traditional system of medicines. These plants are: Artemisia maritima, Aconitum napellus, Angelica glauca, Bergenia himalacia, Carum carvi, Carthamus tinctorius, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Ephedra gerardiana, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hippophae rhamnoides, Picrorhiza kurroa, Podophyllum emodi, Saussurea lappa, Thymus serphylum <strong>and</strong> Valeriana wallichii The medicinal plants are collected from in the wilderness. Local traders purchase these products in crude <strong>and</strong> sell them to wholesalers or exporters in town areas, on payment of daily wage labour ranging from PRs 80 to PRs 100. They 193 > > > 4. Niche Production as an Additional Asset for <strong>Pastoralism</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>
are exported in crude form i.e. in the form of roots, bark, seeds, leaves <strong>and</strong> branches. However, there is no systematic method for medicinal plant collection in these mountain regions (Hussain 2004). 3.2.2 Issues related to Medicinal <strong>and</strong> Aromatic Plants Some of the key issues <strong>and</strong> challenges related to medicinal <strong>and</strong> aromatic plants (MAPs) are lack of authentic <strong>and</strong> scientific data about the actual potential <strong>and</strong> status of MAPs as threatened, endangered <strong>and</strong> commercial viability, value chain analysis to find missing links <strong>and</strong> cost to price variations <strong>and</strong> actual benefits to pastoral communities, patenting <strong>and</strong> intellectual property rights <strong>and</strong> safeguarding local knowledge <strong>and</strong> rights of local people <strong>and</strong> protection of indigenous knowledge. Conservation status of MAP is not known to draw updated red list for management <strong>and</strong> biological threshold level of different species not understood. Key plant resources available in wilderness are depleted <strong>and</strong> when farmers are mobilized for non-profitable cultivation of MAP, there is over-harvesting of species from the wild. Stable MAP business requires sustainable returns of the profit <strong>and</strong> sustainable production with limited yearly production fluctuation. Collection from wild resources always poses inconsistent production. Currently collection does not match with the productive capacity of the habitat. Species of high dem<strong>and</strong> are over-harvested <strong>and</strong> low dem<strong>and</strong> under-harvested. Collectors are competing for early harvesting <strong>and</strong> some time pre-fruiting collection, if they will wait till the maturity, other will get the chance to harvest. They mostly uproot the plant even if only flowers or leaves are needed. Some species are over-harvested to the extent to be declared as threatened species. These include: Saussurea costus, Valeriana jatamansi, Polygonatum multiflorum, Angelica glauca, Podophyllum hex<strong>and</strong>rum, Dioscorea deltoidea, Asparagus adscendense, Geranium wallichianum, Viola odorata, Aconitum spp; Polygonum amplexicaule, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ferula asafoetida, Morchella esculenta, Morchella conica, Ephedra gerardiana, Jurinea macrocephala <strong>and</strong> Paeonia emodi. (Rahim 2004) 3.3 Gemstone: Mining, cutting <strong>and</strong> polishing There is a great potential for production of gemstone <strong>and</strong> mineral products in Gilgit-Baltistan. Major deposits of corundum (ruby <strong>and</strong> sapphire) beryl (emerald <strong>and</strong> aquamarine), topaz, opal, pegmatite, mica, spinel, pyrite <strong>and</strong> sedimentary deposits of gold <strong>and</strong> alluvial deposits of ruby are reportedly found 194
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
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1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
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the headwater areas of the Yellow R
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southern mountainous region of TAR,
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Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
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2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
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Photo 1: The water towers of humank
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Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
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Second, to earnestly carry out the
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Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
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Farmers and herdsm
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tems in Tibet, we should establish
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2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
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2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
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Table 1: The coverage of different
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of the land but fe
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Table 2: Various service function v
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thousand hectares
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(2) Rangeland rest
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forage, the problem of serious wint
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3 Eco-tourism and
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1 Rangelands as na
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Holistically valuing a complex syst
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This multi-functional nature of the
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farming landscapes
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lages started in late 1990s. Before
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78 local communities must be able t
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4.2 From “protection or conservat
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82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
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6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
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Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
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Photo 1: Landscape
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weather is becoming less predictabl
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3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
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some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
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contributed largely by the native p
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The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
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conditions and inc
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3.3 Balancing Protection an
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of the National Scenic Area List <s
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“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
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Table 1: Rangeland
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pastoralists in the surrounding are
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Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
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of family income, and</stro
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get their supplies from a fixed who
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Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
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for the introduction and</s
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to control the overload of livestoc
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partnership. This approach in our v
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Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
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Year Total By Air By Land</
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2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
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natural and cultur
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(TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
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3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
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Lakes just a few kilometers distant
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Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
Page 143 and 144: 4 Niche Production as an Additional
Page 145 and 146: further accelerating ecosystem degr
Page 147 and 148: 5 Pastoralism-base
Page 149 and 150: Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
Page 151 and 152: Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
Page 153 and 154: 5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
Page 155 and 156: information on value chains, build
Page 157 and 158: nonetheless to ensure that appropri
Page 159 and 160: Bhattarai, N. and
Page 161 and 162: Table 1: Rangeland
Page 163 and 164: Botanical name and
Page 165 and 166: Plant species and
Page 167 and 168: permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
Page 169 and 170: Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
Page 171 and 172: Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
Page 173 and 174: Farmers and herdsm
Page 175 and 176: 5.3 Social problems caused by explo
Page 177 and 178: Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
Page 179 and 180: level for making different homestea
Page 181 and 182: Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
Page 183 and 184: 50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
Page 185 and 186: complementary to the surplus availa
Page 187 and 188: for celebratory and</strong
Page 189 and 190: Wool is sheared three times a year
Page 191 and 192: 2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
Page 193: In the mountain areas of Northern P
Page 197 and 198: 3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200: Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202: 5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203 and 204: and entrepreneursh
Page 205 and 206: to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
Page 207 and 208: pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214: The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215 and 216: Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 217 and 218: Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
Page 219 and 220: 4 Resettlement Programmes The above
Page 221 and 222: 5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
Page 223 and 224: Benson, L. and Sva
Page 225 and 226: Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
Page 227 and 228: has been put forward. The governmen
Page 229 and 230: Revolution, here, refers to the lif
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Differentiation between ri
Page 233 and 234: angeland managemen
Page 235 and 236: Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
Page 237 and 238: Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
Page 239 and 240: poverty and ecolog
Page 241 and 242: The average annual incomes of herde
Page 243 and 244: Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
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3.3 Culture and ed
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formed the main basis of the total
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source of income for agro-pastoral
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��
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Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
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254 Improving education Migration &
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5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
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Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
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�� Major owners keep their anim
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Only insignificant cultivation area
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of providing animals with seasonal-
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1 Main Achievements and</st
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4. The emergence of industrial <str
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1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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