Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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Leaving the ecological argument aside, the “modernisation” argument remains to be addressed. Intervention in the form of “ecological migration” seems to aim at a change in lifestyles. The welfare gap between affluent urbanites of coastal eastern China <strong>and</strong> rural populations of the interior, west, mountains <strong>and</strong> steppes has been widening. A society has to decide how to h<strong>and</strong>le such a situation if the stipulated aim is to mitigate the effects of social differentiation. In affluent western societies substantial subsidies are regularly transferred as cash income to farmers <strong>and</strong> pastoralists in “disadvantaged regions”. 51 The public discourse has shifted over time. Presently, the protectors of cultural l<strong>and</strong>scapes represent only a very small minority, but are in a comfortable position. Winds of change might bring a different sort of appreciation. Projected on the Tibetan Plateau, the question remains whether there is only one way forward. Critics of the resettlement schemes suggest that in contrast to a top-down approach a “community-co-management” 52 could be helpful by incorporating local stakeholders, the pastoral households as local communities, as equal partners in a joint effort to design development packages that are accepted by all. Thus, valuable indigenous knowledge that regional planners nearly always lack could be made useful for tackling a complex constellation that calls for holistic <strong>and</strong> sensitive approaches. In any case, a decision-making process based on consensus supports acceptance, participation <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ing. For the future of the pastures on the Tibetan Plateau <strong>and</strong> in adjacent mountain regions this could be an exemplary model for reducing regional disparities by active support <strong>and</strong> structural exchange between affluent <strong>and</strong> disadvantaged areas. References Banks, T., Richard, C., Li Ping <strong>and</strong> Yan Zhaoli 2003: Community-based grassl<strong>and</strong> management in Western China: Rationale, pilot project experience, <strong>and</strong> policy implications. In: Mountain Research <strong>and</strong> Development 23 (2): 132–140 Barfield, T. 1993: The nomadic alternative. Prentice Hall, Englewoods Cliff Bauer, K. 2005: Development <strong>and</strong> the enclosure movement in pastoral Tibet since the 1980s. In: Nomadic Peoples 9 (1–2): 53–81 Bauer, K. 2006: Common property <strong>and</strong> power: Insights from a spatial analysis of historical <strong>and</strong> contemporary pasture boundaries among pastoralists in Central Tibet. In: Journal of Political Ecology13: 24–47 51 The European Union <strong>and</strong> Switzerl<strong>and</strong> are cases in point. 52 Foggin 2008: 31. 221 > > > 5. Pastoral Practices <strong>and</strong> their Transformations
Benson, L. <strong>and</strong> Svanberg, I. 1998: China’s last nomads: the history <strong>and</strong> culture of China’s Kazaks. Armonk, NY Davies, J. <strong>and</strong> Hatfield, R.: 2008: The economics of mobile pastoralism: a global summary. In: Nomadic Peoples 11 (1): 91–116 Ehlers, E. <strong>and</strong> H. Kreutzmann 2000: High mountain ecology <strong>and</strong> economy. Potential <strong>and</strong> constraints. In: Ehlers, E. <strong>and</strong> Kreutzmann, H. (eds.): High mountain pastoralism in Northern Pakistan. Stuttgart: 9–36 (= Erdkundliches Wissen 132) Ekvall, R. B. 1968: Fields on the hoof: The nexus of Tibetan nomadic pastoralism. New York Foggin, M. J. 2008: Depopulating the Tibetan Grassl<strong>and</strong>s. National policies <strong>and</strong> perspectives for the future of Tibetan herders in Qinghai Province, China. In: Mountain Research <strong>and</strong> Development 28 (1): 26–31 Goldstein, M. <strong>and</strong> C. Beall 1991: Change <strong>and</strong> continuity in nomadic pastoralism on the Western Tibetan Plateau. In: Nomadic Peoples 28: 105–22 Goldstein, M. <strong>and</strong> C. Beall 2002: Changing patterns of Tibetan nomadic pastoralism. In: Leonard, W. <strong>and</strong> M. Crawford (eds.): Human biology of pastoral populations. Cambridge: 131–50 Gruschke, A. 2008: Nomads without pastures? Globalization, regionalization, <strong>and</strong> livelihood security of nomads <strong>and</strong> former nomads in Northern Khams. In: Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies 4:1–40 Ho, P. 2000: The clash over state <strong>and</strong> collective property: The making of the rangel<strong>and</strong> law. In: China Quarterly 16 (1): 240–263 Ho, P. 2001: Rangel<strong>and</strong> degradation in China revisited? In: Journal of Development Studies 37(3): 99–132 Ho, P. 2003: Mao’s War against Nature? The environmental impact of the Grain – First Campaign in China. In: The China Journal 50: 37–59 Humphrey, C. <strong>and</strong> Sneath, D. 1999: The end of nomadism? Society, State <strong>and</strong> the Environment in Inner Asia. Durham Khazanov, A. <strong>and</strong> A. Wink 2001: Nomads in the sedentary world. London Khazanov, A. M. 2005: Nomads <strong>and</strong> cities in the Eurasian Steppe region <strong>and</strong> adjacent countries: A historical overview. In: Leder, S. <strong>and</strong> Streck, B. (eds.): Shifts <strong>and</strong> drifts in nomad-sedentary relations. Wiesbaden: 163–178 222
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
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1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
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the headwater areas of the Yellow R
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southern mountainous region of TAR,
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Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
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2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
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Photo 1: The water towers of humank
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Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
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Second, to earnestly carry out the
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Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
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Farmers and herdsm
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tems in Tibet, we should establish
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2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
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2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
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Table 1: The coverage of different
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of the land but fe
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Table 2: Various service function v
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thousand hectares
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(2) Rangeland rest
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forage, the problem of serious wint
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3 Eco-tourism and
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1 Rangelands as na
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Holistically valuing a complex syst
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This multi-functional nature of the
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farming landscapes
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lages started in late 1990s. Before
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78 local communities must be able t
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4.2 From “protection or conservat
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82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
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6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
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Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
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Photo 1: Landscape
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weather is becoming less predictabl
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3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
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some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
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contributed largely by the native p
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The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
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conditions and inc
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3.3 Balancing Protection an
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of the National Scenic Area List <s
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“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
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Table 1: Rangeland
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pastoralists in the surrounding are
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Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
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of family income, and</stro
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get their supplies from a fixed who
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Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
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for the introduction and</s
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to control the overload of livestoc
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partnership. This approach in our v
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Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
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Year Total By Air By Land</
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2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
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natural and cultur
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(TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
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3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
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Lakes just a few kilometers distant
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Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
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4 Niche Production as an Additional
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further accelerating ecosystem degr
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5 Pastoralism-base
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Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
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Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
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5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
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information on value chains, build
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nonetheless to ensure that appropri
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Bhattarai, N. and
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Table 1: Rangeland
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Botanical name and
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Plant species and
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permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
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Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
Page 171 and 172: Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
Page 173 and 174: Farmers and herdsm
Page 175 and 176: 5.3 Social problems caused by explo
Page 177 and 178: Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
Page 179 and 180: level for making different homestea
Page 181 and 182: Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
Page 183 and 184: 50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
Page 185 and 186: complementary to the surplus availa
Page 187 and 188: for celebratory and</strong
Page 189 and 190: Wool is sheared three times a year
Page 191 and 192: 2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
Page 193 and 194: In the mountain areas of Northern P
Page 195 and 196: are exported in crude form i.e. in
Page 197 and 198: 3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200: Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202: 5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203 and 204: and entrepreneursh
Page 205 and 206: to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
Page 207 and 208: pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214: The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215 and 216: Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 217 and 218: Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
Page 219 and 220: 4 Resettlement Programmes The above
Page 221: 5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
Page 225 and 226: Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
Page 227 and 228: has been put forward. The governmen
Page 229 and 230: Revolution, here, refers to the lif
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Differentiation between ri
Page 233 and 234: angeland managemen
Page 235 and 236: Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
Page 237 and 238: Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
Page 239 and 240: poverty and ecolog
Page 241 and 242: The average annual incomes of herde
Page 243 and 244: Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
Page 245 and 246: 3.3 Culture and ed
Page 247 and 248: formed the main basis of the total
Page 249 and 250: source of income for agro-pastoral
Page 251 and 252: ��
Page 253 and 254: Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
Page 255 and 256: 254 Improving education Migration &
Page 257 and 258: 5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
Page 259 and 260: Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
Page 261 and 262: �� Major owners keep their anim
Page 263 and 264: Only insignificant cultivation area
Page 265 and 266: of providing animals with seasonal-
Page 267 and 268: 1 Main Achievements and</st
Page 269 and 270: 4. The emergence of industrial <str
Page 271 and 272: 1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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