Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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�� We should adjust school holidays so that they are aligned with the harvest season of Cordyceps sinensis Classes of the primary <strong>and</strong> secondary schools are often interrupted by the harvest of Cordyceps sinensis. Parents take their children with them to the mountains to collect Cordyceps sinensis. While this is underst<strong>and</strong>able, we should think about making changes so that neither the children’s schooling nor the harvest suffers. The streamlining of schedules is required. Tibetan schools could build on the experiences of their counterparts in other rural parts of China where they have adjusted the holidays so that primary <strong>and</strong> secondary school pupils can support their families during the harvest. It would certainly be welcomed by the local people. It would also solve the problem of high absenteeism among students during the peak collection time. �� We should change our mindset <strong>and</strong> strengthen research efforts that look at Cordyceps sinensis As we all know, Cordyceps sinensis has become an important source of income for Tibetan farmers <strong>and</strong> herdsmen <strong>and</strong> created more economic benefits than the other traditional industries. However, research funding for this field is far lower than that for the other traditional industries. The relevant government departments need to change their mindset in order to catch up with the pace of socio-economic development. The relevant government departments should include the caterpillar fungus industry as a pillar industry in local planning, develop relevant policies <strong>and</strong> regulations <strong>and</strong> clear up the institutional constraints to ensure the sustainable <strong>and</strong> smooth development of this emerging industry. In 2007, the Department of Science <strong>and</strong> Technology of the TAR launched a project to research <strong>and</strong> demonstrate key technologies for the sustainable use of Cordyceps sinensis resources. After more than three years of study, we have made some achievements in underst<strong>and</strong>ing the ecology of Cordyceps sinensis, its infection pathway, the active power of fungi Hirsutella <strong>and</strong> the breeding of Hepialus insects, as well as the caterpillar fungus breeding technology. We have also made progress in setting up a quality evaluation system. All of this has laid a good foundation for further in-depth studies in the future. References Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2003: An Overview of Researches on Anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis. In: Mycosystema 22 (1): 161–176 175 > > > 4. Niche Production as an Additional Asset for <strong>Pastoralism</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>
Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overview of Researches on Molecular Systems of Cordyceps. In: Journal of Fungal Research 2 (1): 58–67 Li Zeng-Zhi, Huang Bo, Li Chunru, et al. 2000: Molecular Biological Evidence of Anamorph of Cordyceps Sinensis – the Relationship Between Hirsutella Sinensis <strong>and</strong> Cordyceps Sinensis, In: Mycosystema 19 (1): 60–64 Liu Zhuoyi 1999: The Relationship between Anamorphic Fungi <strong>and</strong> Cordyceps. PhD thesis, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan: 179 pp. Luorong Zh<strong>and</strong>ui, Dawa Tsering 2006: Impact of Cordyceps Sinensis Resources on Farmer <strong>and</strong> Pastoralist Income Growth. In: China Tibetology 2: 102–107 Office of Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>, Department of Agriculture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pastoralism</strong>, TAR 2009: Report on the <strong>Management</strong> of Cordyceps sinensis Resources in Tibet, Symposium on Cordyceps sinensis Resources <strong>and</strong> Environment, 2009 Wang Ning, Chen Yueqin, Zhang Weimin, et al. 2000: Molecular Biological Evidence for the Diverse Origins of Cordyceps, In: Sun Yat-sen University (Natural Science) 39 (4): 70–73 Winkler, D. 2008: Present <strong>and</strong> Historic Relevance of Yartsa Gunbu (Cordyceps sinensis). An Ancient Myco-Medicinal in Tibet. In: Fungi 1 (4):6–7 Winkler, D. 2010: Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) on the Tibetan Plateau. In: Geographische Rundschau – International Edition 6 (4): 44–49 Zhang Li Jian, Li Bing, Hu Yujiao, et al. 2010: Prospects for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps sinensis in China. In: Agricultural Outlook 3: 32–36 Zhao Jin, Wang Ning, Chen Yueqin, et al. 1999: Molecular Identification of Anamorph of Cordyceps Sinensis, In: Journal of Sun Yat-sen University (Natural Science) 38 (1): 121–123 176
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
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1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
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the headwater areas of the Yellow R
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southern mountainous region of TAR,
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Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
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2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
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Photo 1: The water towers of humank
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Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
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Second, to earnestly carry out the
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Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
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Farmers and herdsm
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tems in Tibet, we should establish
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2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
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2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
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Table 1: The coverage of different
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of the land but fe
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Table 2: Various service function v
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thousand hectares
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(2) Rangeland rest
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forage, the problem of serious wint
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3 Eco-tourism and
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1 Rangelands as na
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Holistically valuing a complex syst
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This multi-functional nature of the
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farming landscapes
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lages started in late 1990s. Before
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78 local communities must be able t
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4.2 From “protection or conservat
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82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
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6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
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Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
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Photo 1: Landscape
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weather is becoming less predictabl
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3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
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some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
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contributed largely by the native p
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The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
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conditions and inc
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3.3 Balancing Protection an
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of the National Scenic Area List <s
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“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
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Table 1: Rangeland
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pastoralists in the surrounding are
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Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
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of family income, and</stro
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get their supplies from a fixed who
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Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
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for the introduction and</s
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to control the overload of livestoc
Page 125 and 126: partnership. This approach in our v
Page 127 and 128: Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
Page 129 and 130: Year Total By Air By Land</
Page 131 and 132: 2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
Page 133 and 134: natural and cultur
Page 135 and 136: (TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
Page 137 and 138: 3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
Page 139 and 140: Lakes just a few kilometers distant
Page 141 and 142: Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
Page 143 and 144: 4 Niche Production as an Additional
Page 145 and 146: further accelerating ecosystem degr
Page 147 and 148: 5 Pastoralism-base
Page 149 and 150: Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
Page 151 and 152: Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
Page 153 and 154: 5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
Page 155 and 156: information on value chains, build
Page 157 and 158: nonetheless to ensure that appropri
Page 159 and 160: Bhattarai, N. and
Page 161 and 162: Table 1: Rangeland
Page 163 and 164: Botanical name and
Page 165 and 166: Plant species and
Page 167 and 168: permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
Page 169 and 170: Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
Page 171 and 172: Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
Page 173 and 174: Farmers and herdsm
Page 175: 5.3 Social problems caused by explo
Page 179 and 180: level for making different homestea
Page 181 and 182: Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
Page 183 and 184: 50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
Page 185 and 186: complementary to the surplus availa
Page 187 and 188: for celebratory and</strong
Page 189 and 190: Wool is sheared three times a year
Page 191 and 192: 2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
Page 193 and 194: In the mountain areas of Northern P
Page 195 and 196: are exported in crude form i.e. in
Page 197 and 198: 3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200: Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202: 5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203 and 204: and entrepreneursh
Page 205 and 206: to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
Page 207 and 208: pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214: The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215 and 216: Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 217 and 218: Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
Page 219 and 220: 4 Resettlement Programmes The above
Page 221 and 222: 5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
Page 223 and 224: Benson, L. and Sva
Page 225 and 226: Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
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has been put forward. The governmen
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Revolution, here, refers to the lif
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Table 2: Differentiation between ri
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angeland managemen
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Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
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Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
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poverty and ecolog
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The average annual incomes of herde
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Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
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3.3 Culture and ed
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formed the main basis of the total
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source of income for agro-pastoral
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��
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Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
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254 Improving education Migration &
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5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
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Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
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�� Major owners keep their anim
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Only insignificant cultivation area
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of providing animals with seasonal-
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1 Main Achievements and</st
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4. The emergence of industrial <str
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1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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