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Michael Dear
allocation framework, which maximises the accessibility of the service
system subject to some cost constraints on the overall system structure. The
neighbourhood effect in such models is typically related to the nuisance
effect associated with the facility distribution, including traffic congestion
and the behaviours of the client group. The response in model making has
been to incorporate systems of side payments into the model often for
auxiliary facilities, (such as screenings, fences, etc.) in order to offset the
perceived nuisance of the service.
From a point of view of the service provider, the human service delivery
problem is traditionally regarded as one of the optimal client assignment.
The objective function in this case is to maximise the effective assignment of
the client in need to the appropriate treatment setting. Optimality in the
system is defined when all clients are allocated to the appropriate treatment
settings. Needless to say, this assignment exercise is frequently hampered as
when clients have multiple presenting symptoms and thus many (conflicting)
needs; or when service facilities systems are incomplete or inaccessible, thus
rendering the available services inadequate to meet demand. The neighbourhood
effect in providers' assignment models often has to do with the
agglomeration nature of the facilities in question. Such assignment models
tend to overlook the possible interactions among the vacillates in the service
set. These interactions can be negative, positive or neutral (as noted above).
Hence, clients for a drug treatment centre might also find it convenient to
have close proximity to a job referral centre. However, a drug treatment
centre in close proximity to an elementary school would generally be
regarded as an undesirable interaction. These generic sets of agglomeration
economies release principally the internal operation of the facilities and its
relation to the consumer group. However, human services systems also have
an impact on the wider community, as when communities perceive that they
have been "saturated" by excessive concentrations of facilities. Host
communities tend to be approached sing a more flexible modelling
framework with its roots in simulation and/or gaming strategies. The notion
of acceptance or rejection by the host community becomes a pre-eminent
factor in the modelling exercise. In most cases acceptance or rejection on
the part of a community is a function of the client group the community
itself (its social and physical characteristics), the nature of the facility in
question, and some measure of proximity to that facility. Conventional
notions of externality fields enter into consideration as neighbourhood
effects. This is when neighbours perceive a negative or positive effect from a
facility. This effect diminishes with distance from the impact source. Hence
the fundamental problems in this case are the intensity of the external effect
is impact and the rate at which it declines with distance from the source.