Ungdomar och sexualitet - Statens folkhälsoinstitut

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ungdomar och sexualitet – en forskningsöversikt 2005 15 sex slightly earlier or at least at the same time as boys with a Swedish background. This means that the picture of stability we have seen since the 1960s, as regards the age at which young people start to have sex, is perhaps somewhat inaccurate. Increased immigration into Sweden of e.g. girls who have sex for the first time at an older age has perhaps contributed to the trends in different groups of adolescents going in opposite directions, whilst the average figures have seemingly remained at more or less the same level. This is an area where more knowledge is required if we are to be able to make any reliable conclusions. One area which points to more uniform change is the number of different sexual partners people have during their lives. On this point, the review indicates a substantial increase. Whilst a large-scale study of sexual habits from 1967 (Zetterberg, 1969) points to women having 1.4 and men having 4.7 partners during their lifetimes, more recent surveys point to much higher figures especially as regards women. One study (Herlitz, 2004) also shows that a significant proportion of young people have had three or more sexual partners during the last twelve months. Most adolescents seem to be relatively satisfied with their sexual experiences. They also become more satisfied as they gain in experience and more of them say they were satisfied with their most recent than with their first act of sexual intercourse. About the same number of young women as young men say they are satisfied with their most recent act of sexual intercourse, although substantially more young men than young women felt their first time was positive. There are major differences as regards oral and anal sex. Whilst oral sex is something that, at least over the last ten years or so, has been practised by almost everyone, anal sex is considerably less common. If it is difficult to make comparisons between different studies as regards anal sex, but one trial study indicates that around 15–20 per cent of adolescents currently attending upper secondary school have experienced anal sex, suggesting there has been an increase since the beginning of the 1990s. Adolescents also experience oral and anal sex differently. Both young women and young men are generally positive towards oral sex and the difference between the sexes is small. Neither of the sexes experiences anal sex in the same positive light, although young men are considerably more positive than young women. There are naturally individuals of both sexes who are either very positive or very negative towards anal sex. Group sex, i.e. sex with more than one person at the same time, is a more recent theme of various questionnaire studies. The questions asked in these studies about group sex in particular are posed in such a way as to make comparisons relatively easy and it appears that a large majority, at least 85 per cent, have no experience of group sex. A comparison between the Sex i Sverige (Sex in Sweden) survey and three later studies focusing on adolescents and for which data was collected between 1999 and 2003 suggests that this experience has increased somewhat. More studies are needed, however, if we are to be able to draw any reliable conclusions. It also appears that few adolescents repudiate the idea of group sex out of principle. Despite this, there is a marked discrepancy between the sexes with more than twice as many boys and young men as girls/young women saying they could imagine trying group sex (or trying it again).
16 ungdomar och sexualitet – en forskningsöversikt 2005 The “fuck buddy” is a relatively new concept. Whether or not it is such a new phenomenon is on the other hand more uncertain. Some of the studies included in the review show that it is a well-known phenomenon among adolescents and between a third and half of the young people in one study of third-year upper secondary students had experience of having had a fuck buddy. Other result findings also suggest that the phenomenon, if not the concept, has a longer history than has been indicated in earlier Swedish adolescent sexuality research. Major changes have occurred as regards same-sex sexuality over the last 10–15 years. One example of this is the fact that same-sex relationships were not included in adolescent sexuality research until the beginning of the 1990s. The discussion on same-sex sexuality has hence become considerably more open and diverse, something which is also reflected in the various surveys of people”s attitudes to homosexuality. In 2003, nearly 90 per cent of young women and just over 60 per cent of young men agreed with the statement “homosexuality is nothing abnormal” (Herlitz, 2004). This is a dramatic change compared to how adolescents answered the question fourteen years earlier in 1989. There are however disparities between different groups and girls and young women are generally less sceptical towards same-sex relationships than boys and young men are. Younger adolescents are also more sceptical than older ones. As regards actual experience of same-sex sexuality, we can once again compare the findings of the Sex i Sverige (Sex in Sweden) survey of 1998 with later studies. Such a comparison reveals that just over two per cent of all the participants in the Sex in Sweden survey (people between the ages of 18 and 74) stated that they had “had a sexual relationship with someone of the same sex”. In three later studies focusing specifically on adolescents, the corresponding figure is around eight per cent. Bearing in mind that these later studies were aimed at adolescents, the findings suggest that the number of people who have had a same-sex sexual experience is constantly increasing in relation to the Sex in Sweden survey, something that must also be seen as logical, in the context of the heightened discussion on heteronormativity and in relation to more and more people “coming out” and declaring their homosexuality. An entirely new arena for communication on sexuality has come into existence with the growth of the Internet. The surveys that have so far been devoted to the Internet make clear reference to both the opportunities and the risks involved. The opportunities include the ease with which one can search for knowledge about sexuality, look for new (positive) contacts, test and investigate one”s own sexual identity and try out new (virtual) sexual activities on-line. Three groups for which the Internet provides new opportunities are given special mention in the research; women, people looking for homosexual contacts and young people with mild mental disabilities. The risks associated with the Internet, on the other hand, include the danger of young people being tricked into meeting people offline who turn out to be different to how they presented themselves on-line, and the fact that they can be exposed to unsolicited pornography and sexual content. Neither is it unusual for young people, especially younger children and girls, to say that they would rather not have been subjected to the pornographic material they had (often inadvertently) seen on the Internet.
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