Ungdomar och sexualitet - Statens folkhälsoinstitut

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Issues such as sexual harassment and the sexualisation of language have sparked heated debate in recent years. This debate has so far been very much pursued without any scientifically underpinned arguments but there is now research suggesting, for example, that sexual harassment is less common in Sweden than in several other countries. Despite this, the same study points to the existence of an educational environment in Swedish upper secondary schools in which different types of sexual innuendo, gestures or actions are very common. This sexual harassment affects both girls and boys but in slightly different ways and girls are generally more exposed than boys. Another study, aimed at younger children and adolescents, shows that different forms of harassment are also common in younger age groups. The findings of various studies also indicate that between seven and ten per cent of Swedish women and between one and three per cent of Swedish men were subject to some kind of sexual assault during childhood/adolescence. A recently performed large-scale questionnaire study also shows that a majority, nearly 65 per cent, of all girls in the third year of upper secondary school have experienced some form of self-perceived sexual abuse. Just over a fifth of boys of a similar age have also had such an experience. The study also shows that being violated by someone of the same age is in principle just as common as being violated by someone older. There are clear links between sexual assault and sexual exploitation. The above-mentioned survey indicates that one per cent of girls and 1.8 per cent of boys have sold sex on at least one occasion, a concept that included a number of different activities. These young people have also often had other types of problems, such as poorer mental health, difficult relationships with their parents, etc. A further sexuality-related problem area is sex crime. Figures from the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention indicate that the number of sex crimes has more than tripled over the last 28 years. According to the Council, most of this can be explained by greater willingness to report such crimes, whilst it also concedes that there are probably a great many hidden statistics. Furthermore, it has previously been difficult to isolate young people in the victim statistics, due to the fact that people over 15 years old are counted as adults. A special survey of reported rape cases shows, however, that the victims are generally young people. Adolescents under 18 years old make up 29 per cent of all rape victims in the survey and the mean age of the victim in rape cases where the perpetrator was known to the victim was 22 years, despite children under the age of 15 not being included in the statistics. Trends over time ungdomar och sexualitet – en forskningsöversikt 2005 19 Lastly, what conclusions can we draw about adolescent sexuality from the review? Are there any distinguishable overall patterns? Does the research presented bear out any of the tendencies discussed in the introduction to the review? Differences between the sexes represent an underlying pattern. Boys and girls, young women and men approach various aspects of sexuality and intimate relationships
20 ungdomar och sexualitet – en forskningsöversikt 2005 differently. From a constructivist perspective, we can see these differences as a result of the gender roles women and men are expected to play and the ways in which they are treated by society. Girls and women are expected to act respectably when it comes to sexuality and relationships. They are expected to control their own sexuality to a greater extent. Findings associated with this expectation can be found in several of the studies we have scrutinised. Findings relating to the extent to which adolescents have had sex “on the first night” are a clear example showing that young women have had less experience of first-night sex than young men have. Different approaches to pornography and different degrees of responsibilitytaking as regards the use of contraception and infection control are other areas where the expectations on the two sexes vary. On the other hand, the review indicates that a change has occurred and is continuing to occur, and that this change is having a greater impact on girls and young women. This change can be interpreted as the ongoing dissolution of the “romantic love complex” that governs the forms our intimate relationships take. This dissolution is manifesting itself partly in a changed love ideology, i.e. the ideology that links sexuality to love, and partly in a change in and challenge to the concept of heteronormativity, i.e. that the heterosexual relationship is the norm. This change in love ideology can be seen for example in findings from different studies that show a clear rise in the number of lifetime partners, an increase in casual sex episodes, greater openness towards group sex and fuck buddy relationships and a reduction in the number of people who think that sex should only occur in steady relationships. The dissolution of heteronormativity can correspondingly be seen in a markedly greater openness towards same-sex sexual relations and not least in the fact that the discussion about same-sex relations has changed radically over the last 10–15 years. This development has occurred in a society characterised by intensive globalisation with both international migration and greater opportunities for communication, as a result of e.g. the Internet, creating a powerful dynamic. The Internet has not only made it much easy for individuals to communicate, but it also offers greater opportunity to those wishing to commercialise people”s sexual interests. Together with migration, intensive communication channels create a meeting-place for different patterns of thought. This means that adolescents are now growing up in environments where they are influenced by many different thought systems and in which they are to find their own ways of dealing with intimate relations.
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Ungdomar och sexualitet - Statens folkhälsoinstitut

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