Wind Energy

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Contents XI 17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multifractal Insights and Empirical Evidence I. Tchiguirinskaia, D. Schertzer, S. Lovejoy and J.M. Veysseire ....... 99 17.1 Atmospheric Dynamics, Cascades and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 17.2 Extremes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 17.3 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extreme Events in Stratified Flows over Orography Karine Leroux and Olivier Eiff ................................... 105 18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 18.2 Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 18.3 Basic Flow Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 18.4 Downstream Slip Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 18.5 Boundary Layer and Wave Field Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 18.6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 19 The Statistical Distribution of Turbulence Driven Velocity Extremes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer – Cartwright/Longuet-Higgins Revised G.C. Larsen and K.S. Hansen .................................... 111 19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 19.2 Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 20 Superposition Model for Atmospheric Turbulence S. Barth, F. Böttcher and J. Peinke ............................... 115 20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 20.2 Superposition Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 20.3 Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequency Wind Speed Variability and Wind Energy Generation Alin A. Cârsteanu and Jorge J. Castro ............................ 119 21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 21.2 Mathematical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 21.3 Results and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 21.4 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling of Turbulent Wind Time Series Jochen Cleve and Martin Greiner ................................. 123 22.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 22.2 Consistent Modelling of Velocity and Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 22.3 Refined Modelling: Stationarity and Skewness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 22.4 Statistics of the Artificial Velocity Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift and Diffusion Functions from Time Series Data David Kleinhans and Rudolf Friedrich ............................. 129 23.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 23.2 Direct Estimation of Drift and Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 23.3 Stability of the Limiting Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 23.4 Finite Length of Time Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 23.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric Stratification: A Turbulence/Wave Wind Model S. Lovejoy and D. Schertzer ...................................... 135 24.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 24.2 An Extreme Unlocalized (Wave) Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P. Sørensen, J. Mann, U.S. Paulsen and A. Vesth .................. 139 25.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 25.2 Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 25.3 PSDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 25.4 Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 25.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 26 Network Perspective of Wind-Power Production Sebastian Jost, Mirko Schäfer and Martin Greiner .................. 147 26.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 26.2 Robustness in a Critical-Infrastructure Network Model . . . . . . . . . 147 26.3 Two Wind-Power Related Model Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 26.4 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Page 1 and 2: Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
Page 3 and 4: Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
Page 5 and 6: VI Preface been presented, spanning
Page 7 and 8: VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
Page 9: X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
Page 13 and 14: XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
Page 15 and 16: XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
Page 17 and 18: XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
Page 19 and 20: XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
Page 21 and 22: XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
Page 23 and 24: XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
Page 25 and 26: XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
Page 27 and 28: XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
Page 29 and 30: XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
Page 31 and 32: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
Page 33 and 34: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
Page 35 and 36: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
Page 37 and 38: 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
Page 39 and 40: Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
Page 41 and 42: Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
Page 43 and 44: 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
Page 45 and 46: 3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
Page 47 and 48: 3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
Page 49 and 50: 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
Page 51 and 52: 4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
Page 57 and 58: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 59 and 60: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 61 and 62:
Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 63 and 64:
6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
Page 65 and 66:
f Suu(f, z) / σ 2 u(z) 10 0 10 −
Page 67 and 68:
a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
Page 69 and 70:
7 Models for Computer Simulation of
Page 71 and 72:
y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
Page 73 and 74:
8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
Page 81 and 82:
x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
Page 83 and 84:
9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
Page 85 and 86:
10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
Page 93 and 94:
Height above ground in m 100 90 80
Page 95 and 96:
12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
14 Report on the Research Project O
Page 113 and 114:
height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
Page 115 and 116:
14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
Page 117 and 118:
15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
Page 119 and 120:
S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
Page 121 and 122:
15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
Page 123 and 124:
16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
Page 125 and 126:
ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
Page 127 and 128:
16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
Page 129 and 130:
17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
Page 131 and 132:
Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
Page 133 and 134:
17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
Page 135 and 136:
18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
Page 137 and 138:
z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
Page 139 and 140:
18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
Page 141 and 142:
19 The Statistical Distribution of
Page 143 and 144:
19 The Statistical Distribution of
Page 145 and 146:
20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
Page 147 and 148:
h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
Page 149 and 150:
21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
Page 151 and 152:
21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
Page 153 and 154:
22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
Page 155 and 156:
p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
Page 157 and 158:
22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
Page 159 and 160:
23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
Page 167 and 168:
24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
Page 169 and 170:
25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
Page 171 and 172:
25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
Page 173 and 174:
d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
Page 175 and 176:
References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
Page 177 and 178:
26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
27 Phenomenological Response Theory
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
28 Turbulence Correction for Power
Page 191 and 192:
28 Turbulence Correction for Power
Page 193 and 194:
29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
Page 195 and 196:
29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
Page 197 and 198:
30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
Page 211 and 212:
32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
Page 213 and 214:
33 Experimental Researches of Chara
Page 215 and 216:
33 Experimental Researches of Chara
Page 217 and 218:
34 Methodical Failure Detection in
Page 219 and 220:
34 Methodical Failure Detection in
Page 221 and 222:
35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
Page 223 and 224:
35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
Page 225 and 226:
(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
Page 227 and 228:
35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
Page 229 and 230:
36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
37 Determination of Angle of Attack
Page 237 and 238:
37 Determination of Angle of Attack
Page 239 and 240:
Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
Page 241 and 242:
38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
Page 243 and 244:
PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
Page 245 and 246:
39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
Page 247 and 248:
39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
Page 249 and 250:
39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
Page 251 and 252:
40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
Page 253 and 254:
Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
Page 255 and 256:
Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
Page 257 and 258:
41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
Page 259 and 260:
41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
Page 261 and 262:
42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
Page 263 and 264:
42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
Page 265 and 266:
43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
Page 273 and 274:
44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
Page 275 and 276:
45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
Page 277 and 278:
8 6 uz 4 2 45 Modeling of the Far W
Page 279 and 280:
46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
Page 281 and 282:
46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
Page 283 and 284:
47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
Page 291 and 292:
Z X Y 48 Numerical Computations of
Page 293 and 294:
References 48 Numerical Computation
Page 295 and 296:
49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes wit
Page 297 and 298:
U mean / U ref 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 49 Mod
Page 299 and 300:
49.5 Conclusion 49 Modelling Wind T
Page 301 and 302:
50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise
Page 303 and 304:
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 −0.2 −0.4 −0.
Page 305 and 306:
51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
Page 307 and 308:
Table 51.1. Measurements and simula
Page 309 and 310:
51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
Page 311 and 312:
52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
Page 319 and 320:
Simulation Measurement pitch angle
Page 321 and 322:
53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
Page 323 and 324:
54 Benefits of Fatigue Assessment w
Page 325 and 326:
∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
Page 327 and 328:
55 Extension of Life Time of Welded
Page 329 and 330:
Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
Page 331 and 332:
56 Damage Detection on Structures o
Page 333 and 334:
56 Damage Detection on Structures o
Page 335 and 336:
57 Influence of the Type and Size o
Page 337 and 338:
[W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
Page 339 and 340:
58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-H
Page 341 and 342:
(a) (b) 450 Load [kN] 400 350 300 2
Page 343 and 344:
59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
Page 351 and 352:
SR 1000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 4
Page 353 and 354:
60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
Page 355 and 356:
61 On the Influence of Low-Level Je
Page 357 and 358:
Relative Power and Loading [%] 61 O
Page 359 and 360:
62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
Page 361 and 362:
62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
Page 363:
This page intentionally left blank
show all

Wind Energy

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?