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Contents XVII 45.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in the Far Wake behind a Wind Turbine Valery L. Okulov and Jens N. Sørensen ............................ 249 46.1 Theory: Analysis of the Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 46.2 Application of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 46.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities Inside Wind Farms Arne Wessel, Joachim Peinke and Bernhard Lange .................. 253 47.1 Description of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 47.1.1 Single Wake Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 47.1.2 Superposition of the Wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 47.2 Comparison of the Model with Wake Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . 254 47.2.1 Vindeby Double and Quintuple Wake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 47.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 48 Numerical Computations of Wind Turbine Wakes Stefan Ivanell, Jens N. Sørensen and Dan Henningson ............... 259 48.1 Numerical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 48.2 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes with a Porosity Concept Sandrine Aubrun................................................ 265 49.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 49.2 Experimental Set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 49.3 Results for Homogeneous Freestream Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 49.4 Results for Shear Freestream Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 49.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise Generation and Propagation based on an Acoustic Analogy Drago¸s Moroianu and Laszlo Fuchs ................................ 271 50.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 50.2 Problem Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 50.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 50.3.1 Flow Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 50.3.2 Acoustic Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 50.3.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Highly Complex Terrain Wind Prediction D. Cabezón, A. Iniesta, E. Ferrer and I. Martí ..................... 275 51.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 51.2 Alaiz Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 51.3 Description of the Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 51.3.1 Linear Models. WAsP 8.1 (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program) and WAsP Engineering 2.0 . . 276 51.3.2 Non Linear Models. Fluent 6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 51.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 51.4.1 Wind Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 51.4.2 Turbulence Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 51.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Joints Based on Local Approaches H. Th. Beier, J. Lange and M. Vormwald .......................... 281 52.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 52.2 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 52.2.1 Fatigue Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 52.2.2 Crack Initiation with Local Strain Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 282 52.2.3 Crack Growth with Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics . . 283 52.2.4 Fracture Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 52.2.5 Endurance Limit with Local Stress Approach . . . . . . . . . . 284 52.3 Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 52.3.1 Truss-joint with Pre-cut Gusset Plates (PCGP-joint) . . . 284 52.3.2 Stiffener of the Great Wind Energy ConverterGROWIAN .............................. 284 52.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 53 Advances in Offshore Wind Technology Marc Seidel and Jens Gößwein ................................... 287 53.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 53.2 Wind Turbine Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 53.3 Substructure Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 53.3.1 Design Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 53.3.2 Substructure Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 53.4 Installation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Page 1 and 2: Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
Page 3 and 4: Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
Page 5 and 6: VI Preface been presented, spanning
Page 7 and 8: VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
Page 9 and 10: X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
Page 11 and 12: XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
Page 13 and 14: XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
Page 15: XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
Page 19 and 20: XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
Page 21 and 22: XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
Page 23 and 24: XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
Page 25 and 26: XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
Page 27 and 28: XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
Page 29 and 30: XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
Page 31 and 32: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
Page 33 and 34: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
Page 35 and 36: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
Page 37 and 38: 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
Page 39 and 40: Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
Page 41 and 42: Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
Page 43 and 44: 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
Page 45 and 46: 3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
Page 47 and 48: 3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
Page 49 and 50: 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
Page 51 and 52: 4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
Page 57 and 58: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 59 and 60: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 61 and 62: Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 63 and 64: 6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
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a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
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7 Models for Computer Simulation of
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y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
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8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
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Height above ground in m 100 90 80
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12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
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13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
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14 Report on the Research Project O
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height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
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14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
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Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
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17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
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18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
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z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
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18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
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h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
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d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
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References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
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26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
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27 Phenomenological Response Theory
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
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38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
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PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
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39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
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Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
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Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
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41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
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41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
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8 6 uz 4 2 45 Modeling of the Far W
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
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48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
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Z X Y 48 Numerical Computations of
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References 48 Numerical Computation
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49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes wit
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U mean / U ref 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 49 Mod
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49.5 Conclusion 49 Modelling Wind T
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50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise
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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 −0.2 −0.4 −0.
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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Table 51.1. Measurements and simula
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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Simulation Measurement pitch angle
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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54 Benefits of Fatigue Assessment w
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∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
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55 Extension of Life Time of Welded
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Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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57 Influence of the Type and Size o
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[W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
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58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-H
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(a) (b) 450 Load [kN] 400 350 300 2
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59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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SR 1000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 4
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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61 On the Influence of Low-Level Je
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Relative Power and Loading [%] 61 O
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
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