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288 M. Seidel and J. Gößwein Converter Gearbox Onboard-Crane Rotor Bearings Hub Transformer Generator Fig. 53.1. Arrangement of main components – Service friendly design – Power electronics and transformer in the nacelle Yaw System The rotor blades have been developed in cooperation with LM Glasfiber with the largest rotor diameter ever designed. The blade structure of the LM 61.5 is optimized such that a low blade weight is achieved, in combination with high static permissible stress and high energy yield. The main, or rotor shaft is supported by two bearings. The first, non locating bearing is a so-called CARB TM -bearing, which can handle much higher dislocations compared to a conventional spherical roller bearing. The second, locating bearing is a spherical roller bearing, which protects the gearbox from external loads (other than the torque) to a large extent. Thus the double bearings will increase the safe life of the gearbox. The gearbox is a planetary gear with one spur wheel. It is equipped with a refined system for oil filtration and cooling. The oil is filtrated down to 6 µm and the cooling system prevents high oil temperatures. Thanks to the double bearing of the main shaft and a robust rotor lock, the gearbox can be disassembled without taking the rotor down. A double fed inducing generator is used, together with an IGBT inverter. Four water cooled inverters are used with a redundant combination of every pair of two modules. This means, that on failure of one module (or pair), the turbine can still operate at reduced power (up to 3 MVA). The GFRP nacelle panel and spinner consist of several parts and are protected by a sophisticated lightning protection system. The simulations of the 5M are extensively compared with measurements. Results so far show a very good agreement between the simulations with Flex 5 and the measurements (see Fig. 53.2).
Simulation Measurement pitch angle wind speed generator speed rotor torque tower base bending moment 53 Advances in Offshore <strong>Wind</strong> Technology 289 manual emergency stop time 0 20 40 60 80 100 Fig. 53.2. Comparison between simulation and measurement 53.3 Substructure Technology One of the main drivers for an economic installation is the substructure design. Many developments on substructure concepts are ongoing and the industry is clearly moving towards more competitive concepts. REpower has worked extensively on design methods for the combined wind and wave loading and several substructures have been evaluated from technical and economical points of view. 53.3.1 Design Methodologies So far a substitute Monopile is used to represent complex substructures for simulation of the turbines [2]. Although this “semi-integrated” methodology is workable for many substructures, there are some drawbacks: – Stiffness representation with a Monopile is not adequate for all kinds of substructures. This leads to significant differences in overall stiffness and thus eigenfrequencies, which are an important parameter in the transient calculations. – Wave loading is calculated for a straight vertical member, so that the positive effect of distributed members in wave direction is not taken into
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Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
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Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
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VI Preface been presented, spanning
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VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
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X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
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XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
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XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
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XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
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XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
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XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
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XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
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XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
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XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
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XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
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XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
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Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
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3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
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7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
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4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
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6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
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f Suu(f, z) / σ 2 u(z) 10 0 10 −
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a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
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7 Models for Computer Simulation of
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y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
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8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
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Height above ground in m 100 90 80
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12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
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13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
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14 Report on the Research Project O
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height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
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14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
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Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
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17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
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18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
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z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
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18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
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h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
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d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
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References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
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26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
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27 Phenomenological Response Theory
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
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38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
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PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
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39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
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Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
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Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
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41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
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41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
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Page 275 and 276: 45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
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Page 279 and 280: 46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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Page 283 and 284: 47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
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Page 293 and 294: References 48 Numerical Computation
Page 295 and 296: 49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes wit
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Page 301 and 302: 50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise
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Page 305 and 306: 51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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Page 311 and 312: 52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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Page 329 and 330: Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
Page 331 and 332: 56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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Page 337 and 338: [W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
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Page 343 and 344: 59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
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Page 359 and 360: 62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
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