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78 François G. Schmitt thresholds, confirming some previously observed results [14]. As already noticed in [13] in the context of rainfall, such tail behavior indicates that mean return times would theoretically diverge in the limit of an infinite number of realizations (since µ
13 Gusts in Intermittent <strong>Wind</strong> Turbulence 79 (the initial t1 is the first time of the time series). We have estimated such inverse times time series, for different velocity thresholds from 0.02 to 3 m s −1 , and reported in Fig. 13.6 the mean inverse times. This shows that the mean inverse times increase with the threshold approximately as a power-law for large thresholds, in agreement with previous results [17–20]. References 1. Frisch U (1995) Turbulence; the legacy of A. N. Kolmogorov. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2. Pope S (2000) Turbulent flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 3. Vulpiani A, Livi R (eds) (2004) The Kolmogorov legacy in physics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 4. Schertzer D, Lovejoy S, Schmitt F, Chigirinskaya Y, Marsan D (1997) Fractals 5:427–471 5. Kolmogorov A N (1941) CR Acad. Sci. URSS 30:301–305 6. Mann J (2000) draft paper 7. Cheng E (2002) J. <strong>Wind</strong> Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 90:1657–1669 8. Schmitt F, Schertzer D, Lovejoy S, Brunet Y (1994) Nonlin. Proc. Geophys. 1:95–104 9. Schmitt F, Schertzer D, Lovejoy S, Brunet Y (1996) Europhys. Lett. 34:195–200 10. Feller W (1971) An introduction to probability theory and its applications, vol. II. Wiley, New York 11. Hansen A, Engoy T, Maloy K J (1994) Fractals 2:527–533 12. Ding M, Yang W (1995) Phys. Rev. E 52:207–213 13. Schmitt F G, Nicolis C (2002) Fractals 10:285–290 14. Boettcher F, Renner C, Waldl H P, Peinke J (2003) Bound. Lay. Meteor. 108:163–173 15. Gaspard P, Wang X J (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4591–4595 16. Wang X J (1992) Phys. Rev. A 45:8407–8417 17. Jensen M H (1999) Phys. Rev. Lett. 83:76–79 18. Beaulac S, Mydlarski L (2004) Phys. Fluids 16:2126–2129 19. Pearson B R, van de Water W (2005) Phys. Rev. E 71:036303 20. Schmitt F G (2005) Phys. Lett. A 342:448–458
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Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
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Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
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VI Preface been presented, spanning
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VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
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X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
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XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
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XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
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XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
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XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
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XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
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XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
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XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
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XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
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XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
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XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
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Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
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3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
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7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
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4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
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Page 57 and 58: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 59 and 60: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 61 and 62: Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 63 and 64: 6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
Page 65 and 66: f Suu(f, z) / σ 2 u(z) 10 0 10 −
Page 67 and 68: a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
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Page 71 and 72: y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
Page 73 and 74: 8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
Page 79 and 80: 9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
Page 81 and 82: x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
Page 83 and 84: 9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
Page 85 and 86: 10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
Page 91 and 92: 11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
Page 93 and 94: Height above ground in m 100 90 80
Page 95 and 96: 12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
Page 103 and 104: 13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Page 107: Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
Page 111 and 112: 14 Report on the Research Project O
Page 113 and 114: height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
Page 115 and 116: 14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
Page 117 and 118: 15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
Page 119 and 120: S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
Page 121 and 122: 15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
Page 123 and 124: 16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
Page 125 and 126: ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
Page 127 and 128: 16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
Page 129 and 130: 17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
Page 131 and 132: Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
Page 133 and 134: 17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
Page 135 and 136: 18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
Page 137 and 138: z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
Page 139 and 140: 18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
Page 141 and 142: 19 The Statistical Distribution of
Page 143 and 144: 19 The Statistical Distribution of
Page 145 and 146: 20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
Page 147 and 148: h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
Page 149 and 150: 21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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Page 153 and 154: 22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
Page 155 and 156: p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
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23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
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d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
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References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
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26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
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27 Phenomenological Response Theory
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
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38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
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PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
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39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
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Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
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Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
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41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
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41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
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8 6 uz 4 2 45 Modeling of the Far W
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
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48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
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Z X Y 48 Numerical Computations of
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References 48 Numerical Computation
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49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes wit
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U mean / U ref 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 49 Mod
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49.5 Conclusion 49 Modelling Wind T
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50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise
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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 −0.2 −0.4 −0.
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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Table 51.1. Measurements and simula
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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Simulation Measurement pitch angle
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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54 Benefits of Fatigue Assessment w
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∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
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55 Extension of Life Time of Welded
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Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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57 Influence of the Type and Size o
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[W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
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58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-H
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(a) (b) 450 Load [kN] 400 350 300 2
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59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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SR 1000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 4
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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61 On the Influence of Low-Level Je
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Relative Power and Loading [%] 61 O
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
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