Wind Energy

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L. Lohaus ForWind – Center for Wind Energy Research Institute of Building Materials University of Hannover Appelstraße 9A, 30161 Hannover Germany J.C. Lopes da Costa CEsA – Research Centre for Wind Energy and Atmospheric Flows Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Rua Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto, Portugal S. Lovejoy Physics, McGill University, 3600 University St., Montreal, Que. Canada Stephane Loyer Laboratoire de Mécanique et Energétique Université d’Orléans 8rueLéonard de Vinci 45072 Orléans, France Mac Gaunaa Department of Wind Energy Risø National Laboratory P.O. Box 49 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Holger Mai DLR-Göttingen, Bunsenstr. 10 37073 Göttingen, Germany Jakob Mann Wind Energy Department Risø National Laboratory, VEA-118 P.O. Box 49 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark jakob.mann@risoe.dk List of Contributors XXVII I. Martí Department of Wind Energy National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER) C/Ciudad de la Innovacin 31621 Sarriguren, Navarra, Spain Guillaume Martinat Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, 6 allée du Professeur Camille Soula, Toulouse France martinat@imft.fr Christian Masson Department of Mechanical Engineering Ecole de technologie superieure 1100 Notre-Dame Ouest Montreal, Canada christian.masson@etsmtl.ca J.-L. Menet Laboratoire de Mécanique et d’ Énergétique – Valenciennes University Le Mont Houy 59313 Valenciennes Cedex 9, France Kim Mittendorf ForWind – Center for Wind Energy Research Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Computer Applications in Civil Engineering University of Hannover Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover Germany mdorf@hydromech.uni-hannover.de Drago¸s Moroianu Lund University Division of Fluid Mechanics Ole Römersv. 1 P.O. Box 118 22100 Lund Sweden dragos.moroianu@vok.lth.se
XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbieta Moryń-Kucharczyk Institute of Thermal Machinery Czestochowa University of Technology Poland moryn@imc.pcz.czest.pl T. Neumann DEWI German Wind Energy Institute Ebertstr. 96 Wilhelmshaven Germany Thomas Nitschke-Pagel Institut für Füge- und Schweißtechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 8, Braunschweig, Germany t.pagel@tu-bs.de Valery L. Okulov Department of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark and Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS Lavrentyev Ave. 1 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia J.M.L.M. Palma CEsA – Research Centre for Wind Energy and Atmospheric Flows Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Rua Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto Portugal jpalma@fe.up.pt B. Papp Department of Atomic Physics Eötvös University Pázmány St. 1/A Budapest, Hungary U.S. Paulsen Risø National Laboratory, VEA-118 PO Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark Joachim Peinke ForWind – Center for Wind Energy Research University of Oldenburg D-26111 Oldenburg Germany José Fernández Puga Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering University of Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 44 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany fernandez@mv.uni-kl.de R. Puthli Research Centre for Steel Timber and Masonry University of Karlsruhe Germany Markus Raffel DLR-Göttingen, Bunsenstr. 10 37073 Göttingen, Germany Mario Ragwitz Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research Breslauer Str. 48, 76139 Karlsruhe Germany J. Rauch Fluidsystemdynamik, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. K2 Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin, Germany bashftfa@mailbox.tu-berlin.de
Page 1 and 2: Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
Page 3 and 4: Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
Page 5 and 6: VI Preface been presented, spanning
Page 7 and 8: VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
Page 9 and 10: X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
Page 11 and 12: XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
Page 13 and 14: XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
Page 15 and 16: XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
Page 17 and 18: XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
Page 19 and 20: XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
Page 21 and 22: XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
Page 23 and 24: XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
Page 25: XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
Page 29 and 30: XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
Page 31 and 32: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
Page 33 and 34: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
Page 35 and 36: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
Page 37 and 38: 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
Page 39 and 40: Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
Page 41 and 42: Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
Page 43 and 44: 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
Page 45 and 46: 3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
Page 47 and 48: 3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
Page 49 and 50: 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
Page 51 and 52: 4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
Page 57 and 58: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 59 and 60: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 61 and 62: Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 63 and 64: 6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
Page 65 and 66: f Suu(f, z) / σ 2 u(z) 10 0 10 −
Page 67 and 68: a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
Page 69 and 70: 7 Models for Computer Simulation of
Page 71 and 72: y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
Page 73 and 74: 8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
Page 75 and 76: 8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
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8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
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Height above ground in m 100 90 80
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12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
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13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
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14 Report on the Research Project O
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height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
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14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
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Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
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17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
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18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
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z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
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18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
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h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
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d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
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References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
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26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
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27 Phenomenological Response Theory
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
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38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
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PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
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39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
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Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
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Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
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41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
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41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
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8 6 uz 4 2 45 Modeling of the Far W
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
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48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
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Z X Y 48 Numerical Computations of
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References 48 Numerical Computation
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49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes wit
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U mean / U ref 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 49 Mod
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49.5 Conclusion 49 Modelling Wind T
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50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise
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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 −0.2 −0.4 −0.
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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Table 51.1. Measurements and simula
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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Simulation Measurement pitch angle
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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54 Benefits of Fatigue Assessment w
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∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
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55 Extension of Life Time of Welded
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Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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57 Influence of the Type and Size o
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[W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
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58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-H
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(a) (b) 450 Load [kN] 400 350 300 2
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59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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SR 1000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 4
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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61 On the Influence of Low-Level Je
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Relative Power and Loading [%] 61 O
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
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