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6 B. Lange 6. IEC-61400-1 (1998) Wind turbine generator systems part 1: Safety requirements. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Swiss 7. Lange B (2004). Comparison of wind conditions of offshore wind farm sites in the Baltic and North Sea. In: Proceedings of the German Wind Energy Conference DEWEK 2004, Wilhelmshaven, Germany 8. Lange B, Barthelmie RJ, Højstrup J (2001) Description of the Rødsand field measurement. Risø-R-1268, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark 9. Lange B, Larsen S, Højstrup J, Barthelmie RJ (2004) The influence of thermal effects on the wind speed profile of the coastal marine boundary layer. Bound- Layer Meteor. 112: 587–617 10. Lange B, Larsen S, Højstrup J, Barthelmie RJ (2004a) Importance of thermal effects and sea surface roughness for offshore wind resource assessment. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 92 (11): 959–998 11. Lange B, Johnson HK, Larsen S, Højstrup J, Kofoed-Hansen H, Yelland MJ (2004b) On detection of a wave age dependency for the sea surface roughness. Journal of Physical Oceanography 34: 1441–1458 12. Petersen EL, Mortensen NG, Landberg L, Højstrup J, Frank HP (1998) Wind power meteorology. Part I: climate and turbulence. Wind Energy 1(1): 2–22, Part II: siting and models. Wind Energy 1(2): 55–72 13. Rakebrandt-Gräßner P, Neumann T (2003) The German Research Platform in the North Sea. In: Proceedings of the OWEMES 2003, Naples, Italy
2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants in Deep and Shallow Water Lars Bergdahl, Jenny Trumars and Claes Eskilsson Summary. A concept for describing design waves for a near-shore site of a wind-power plant and ultimately the wave loads is to transform the off-coast wave spectrum to the target site by a model for wave transformation. At the site second order, irregular, non-linear, shallow-water waves are subsequently realized in the time domain. Alternatively a Boussinesq model is used. Finally in the examples here Morison’s equation is used for the wave load and overturning moment. 2.1 A Concept of Wave Design in Shallow Areas Usually there is little knowledge of long-term wave conditions at prospective sites for wind-power plants, while the deep-water or open sea conditions may be more known and geographically less varying. Then a concept for assessing design waves for the site and ultimately wave loads would be to transform the off-coast waves to the target near-coast site or shallow offshore shoal by some model for the wave transformation. Such models can be divided into two general classes: phase-resolving models, which model the progression of the physical “wave train”, predicting both amplitudes and phases of individual waves, and phase-averaging models, which model the progression of average quantities such as the wave spectrum or its integral properties (e.g. Hs, Tz). Here examples of using phase average models (WAM and SWAN) and a phase resolving model (Boussinesq) will be demonstrated. Using e.g. the phase-averaging model SWAN for the transformation to the site, it is subsequently necessary to make a time realization of the transformed wave spectrum into the time domain as the loads on a slender structure is due to non-linear drag forces, the instantaneous elevation of the water surface and – for high waves – the skewness of the elevation. For a phase resolving method the transformed wave is already in the time domain and can thus be used “directly” in the load modelling. M = 1 2 ρCDD � η −h u |u| (z + h)dz + ρ πD2 4 CM �η −h ut(z + h)dz (2.1)
Page 1 and 2: Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
Page 3 and 4: Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
Page 5 and 6: VI Preface been presented, spanning
Page 7 and 8: VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
Page 9 and 10: X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
Page 11 and 12: XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
Page 13 and 14: XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
Page 15 and 16: XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
Page 17 and 18: XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
Page 19 and 20: XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
Page 21 and 22: XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
Page 23 and 24: XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
Page 25 and 26: XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
Page 27 and 28: XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
Page 29 and 30: XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
Page 31 and 32: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
Page 33 and 34: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
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Page 39 and 40: Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
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Page 43 and 44: 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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Page 51 and 52: 4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
Page 57 and 58: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 59 and 60: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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Page 63 and 64: 6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
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Page 85 and 86: 10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
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Height above ground in m 100 90 80
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12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
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13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
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14 Report on the Research Project O
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height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
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14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
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Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
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17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
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18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
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z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
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18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
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h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
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d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
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References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
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26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
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27 Phenomenological Response Theory
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
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38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
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PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
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39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
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Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
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Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
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41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
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41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
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8 6 uz 4 2 45 Modeling of the Far W
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
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48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
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Z X Y 48 Numerical Computations of
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References 48 Numerical Computation
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49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes wit
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U mean / U ref 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 49 Mod
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49.5 Conclusion 49 Modelling Wind T
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50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise
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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 −0.2 −0.4 −0.
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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Table 51.1. Measurements and simula
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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Simulation Measurement pitch angle
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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54 Benefits of Fatigue Assessment w
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∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
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55 Extension of Life Time of Welded
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Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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57 Influence of the Type and Size o
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[W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
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58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-H
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(a) (b) 450 Load [kN] 400 350 300 2
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59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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SR 1000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 4
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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61 On the Influence of Low-Level Je
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Relative Power and Loading [%] 61 O
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
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