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126 J. Cleve and M. Greiner To incorporate the observed asymmetry and stationarity into our model we modify the fBM by introducing small correlations between the fBm process and the multifractal process ∂u ∂t = Mε∆ ˆ BH (u, du). (22.2) The modifications are implemented simply by changing the sign σ of the fBm with the product of the probabilities Pσ→−σ(u) andPσ→−σ(du). As a first approximation the two probabilities are chosen as: ⎧ ⎨ min(a(u + utp), 1) u>utp ∧ σ =1 Pσ→−σ(u) = min(|a(u + utp)|, 1) u
22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling of Turbulent <strong>Wind</strong> Time Series 127 3. A. Juneja, D.P. Lathrop, K.R. Sreenivasan, and G. Stolovitzky. Synthetic turbulence. Phys. Rev. E, 49(6):5179–5194, 1994 4. B.R. Pearson, P.A. Krogstad, and W. van de Water. Phys. Fluids, 14:1288, 2002 5. D. Schertzer and S. Lovejoy. J. Geophys. Res., 92:9693, 1987 6. J. Schmiegel, J. Cleve, H. Eggers, B. Pearson, and M. Greiner. Stochastic energycascade model for (1+1) dimensional fully developed turbulence. Phys. Lett. A, 320:247–253, 2004 7. F.G. Schmitt and D. Marsan. Eur. Phys. J. B, 20:3, 2001
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Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
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Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
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VI Preface been presented, spanning
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VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
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X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
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XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
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XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
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XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
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XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
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XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
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XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
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XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
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XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
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XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
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XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
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Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
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3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
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7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
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4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
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6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
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f Suu(f, z) / σ 2 u(z) 10 0 10 −
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a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
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7 Models for Computer Simulation of
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y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
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8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
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Height above ground in m 100 90 80
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12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
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13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Page 107 and 108: Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
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Page 111 and 112: 14 Report on the Research Project O
Page 113 and 114: height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
Page 115 and 116: 14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
Page 117 and 118: 15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
Page 119 and 120: S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
Page 121 and 122: 15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
Page 123 and 124: 16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
Page 125 and 126: ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
Page 127 and 128: 16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
Page 129 and 130: 17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
Page 131 and 132: Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
Page 133 and 134: 17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
Page 135 and 136: 18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
Page 137 and 138: z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
Page 139 and 140: 18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
Page 141 and 142: 19 The Statistical Distribution of
Page 143 and 144: 19 The Statistical Distribution of
Page 145 and 146: 20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
Page 147 and 148: h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
Page 149 and 150: 21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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Page 153 and 154: 22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
Page 155: p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
Page 159 and 160: 23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
Page 165 and 166: 24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
Page 167 and 168: 24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
Page 169 and 170: 25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
Page 171 and 172: 25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
Page 173 and 174: d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
Page 175 and 176: References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
Page 177 and 178: 26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
Page 183 and 184: 27 Phenomenological Response Theory
Page 189 and 190: 28 Turbulence Correction for Power
Page 191 and 192: 28 Turbulence Correction for Power
Page 193 and 194: 29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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Page 197 and 198: 30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
Page 203 and 204: 31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
Page 205 and 206: 31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
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38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
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PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
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39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
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Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
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Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
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41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
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41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
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8 6 uz 4 2 45 Modeling of the Far W
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
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48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
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Z X Y 48 Numerical Computations of
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References 48 Numerical Computation
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49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes wit
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U mean / U ref 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 49 Mod
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49.5 Conclusion 49 Modelling Wind T
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50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise
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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 −0.2 −0.4 −0.
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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Table 51.1. Measurements and simula
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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Simulation Measurement pitch angle
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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54 Benefits of Fatigue Assessment w
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∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
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55 Extension of Life Time of Welded
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Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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57 Influence of the Type and Size o
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[W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
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58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-H
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(a) (b) 450 Load [kN] 400 350 300 2
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59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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SR 1000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 4
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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61 On the Influence of Low-Level Je
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Relative Power and Loading [%] 61 O
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
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