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Contents XV 37 Determination of Angle of Attack (AOA) for Rotating Blades Wen Zhong Shen, Martin O.L. Hansen and Jens Nørkær Sørensen .... 205 37.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 37.2 Determination of Angle of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 37.3 Numerical Results and Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 37.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow Around an Airfoil at High Angles of Attack and Low Reynolds Numbers Hui Guo, Hongxing Yang, Yu Zhou and David Wood ................ 211 38.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 38.2 Test Facility and Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 38.3 Experimental Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 38.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape Optimization of VAWT Blade Profile by Viscous Approach Rémi Bourguet, Guillaume Martinat, Gilles Harran and Marianna Braza ............................................ 215 39.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 39.2 Physical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 39.2.1 Templin Method for Efficiency Graphe Computation . . . . 215 39.2.2 Flow Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 39.3 Blade Profile Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 39.3.1 Optimization Method: DOE/RSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 39.3.2 Reaching the Global Optimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 39.4 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 39.4.1 Validation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 39.4.2 Optimization Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 39.5 Conclusion and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects on a HAWT Blade Airfoil Aerodynamics Christophe Sicot, Philippe Devinant, Stephane Loyer and Jacques Hureau ............................................. 221 40.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 40.2 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 40.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 40.3.1 Mean Pressure Values Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 40.3.2 Instantaneous Pressure Distributions Analysis. . . . . . . . . . 224 40.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simulation and Evaluation of the Air Flow Through Wind Turbine Rotors with Focus on the Hub Area J. Rauch, T. Krämer, B. Heinzelmann, J. Twele and P.U. Thamsen .. 227 41.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 41.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 41.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 41.4 Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airfoil Family for Wind Turbines Christian Bak, Mac Gaunaa and Ioannis Antoniou .................. 231 42.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 42.2 The Wind Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 42.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 42.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 42.5 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New Type of Slow-Running VAWT J.-L. Menet .................................................... 235 43.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 43.2 Description of the Savonius Rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 43.3 Description of the Numerical Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 43.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 43.4.1 Optimised Savonius Rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 43.4.2 The New Rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 43.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Stall using Spectral/hp Method B. Stoevesandt, J. Peinke, A. Shishkin and C. Wagner .............. 241 44.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 44.2 The Spectral/hp Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 44.3 The NekTar Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 44.4 First Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 44.5 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind a Wind Turbine Jens N. Sørensen and Valery L. Okulov ............................ 245 45.1 Extended Joukowski Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 45.2 Unsteady Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Page 1 and 2: Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
Page 3 and 4: Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
Page 5 and 6: VI Preface been presented, spanning
Page 7 and 8: VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
Page 9 and 10: X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
Page 11 and 12: XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
Page 13: XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
Page 17 and 18: XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
Page 19 and 20: XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
Page 21 and 22: XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
Page 23 and 24: XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
Page 25 and 26: XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
Page 27 and 28: XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
Page 29 and 30: XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
Page 31 and 32: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
Page 33 and 34: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
Page 35 and 36: 1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
Page 37 and 38: 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
Page 39 and 40: Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
Page 41 and 42: Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
Page 43 and 44: 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
Page 45 and 46: 3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
Page 47 and 48: 3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
Page 49 and 50: 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
Page 51 and 52: 4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
Page 57 and 58: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 59 and 60: 5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
Page 61 and 62: Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 63 and 64: 6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
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f Suu(f, z) / σ 2 u(z) 10 0 10 −
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a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
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7 Models for Computer Simulation of
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y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
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8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
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Height above ground in m 100 90 80
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12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
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13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
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14 Report on the Research Project O
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height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
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14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
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Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
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17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
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18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
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z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
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18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
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h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
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d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
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References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
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26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
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27 Phenomenological Response Theory
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
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38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
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PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
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39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
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Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
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Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
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41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
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41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
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8 6 uz 4 2 45 Modeling of the Far W
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
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48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
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Z X Y 48 Numerical Computations of
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References 48 Numerical Computation
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49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes wit
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U mean / U ref 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 49 Mod
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49.5 Conclusion 49 Modelling Wind T
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50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise
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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 −0.2 −0.4 −0.
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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Table 51.1. Measurements and simula
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51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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Simulation Measurement pitch angle
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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54 Benefits of Fatigue Assessment w
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∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
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55 Extension of Life Time of Welded
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Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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57 Influence of the Type and Size o
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[W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
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58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-H
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(a) (b) 450 Load [kN] 400 350 300 2
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59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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SR 1000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 4
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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61 On the Influence of Low-Level Je
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Relative Power and Loading [%] 61 O
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
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