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256 A. Wessel et al. (a) Turbulence intensity [%] (b) Turbulence intensity [%] 12 10 8 6 14 12 10 8 60 310 65 70 75 80 Wind direction [m] Vindeby double wake 315 320 325 Wind direction [˚] Vindeby quintuple wake situation Measured Model Fig. 47.2. Horizontal turbulence intensity profiles from multiple wake situation at Vindeby wind farm. For the double wake situation a wind direction depending ambient turbulence intensity was used Acknowledgement In this work, one of the authors (Arne Wessel) is funded by the scholarship program of the German Federal Environmental Foundation. We thank Risø National Laboratory Denmark, for placing the measurement data from Vindeby offshore wind farm at our disposal. References 1. B. Lange, H-P. Waldl, A. G. Guerrero, D. Heinemann, and R. J. Barthelmie. Modelling of OffshoreWind turbine wakes with the wind farm program FLaP. WIND ENERGY, 6:87–104, 2003 330 85
47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities Inside Wind Farms 257 2. J. F. Ainslie. Calculating the flowfield in the wake of wind turbines. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 27:213–224, 1988 3. G. J. Taylor. Wake measurements on the nibe wind turbines in denmark. Technical report, Risø National Laboratory, 1990 4. A. Wessel and B. Lange. A new approach for calculating the turbulence intensities inside a wind farm. In Proceedings of the Deutschen Windenergiekonferenz (DEWEK), Wilhelmshaven, 2004 5. R. J. Barthelmie, M. S. Courtney, J. Højstrup, and P. Sanderhoff. The Vindeby project: A description. Technical Report Risø-R-741(EN), RISØ, 1994
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Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
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Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
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VI Preface been presented, spanning
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VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
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X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
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XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
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XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
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XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
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XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
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XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
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XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
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XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
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XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
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XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
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XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
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Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
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3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
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7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
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4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
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6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
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f Suu(f, z) / σ 2 u(z) 10 0 10 −
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a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
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7 Models for Computer Simulation of
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y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
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8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
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Height above ground in m 100 90 80
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12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
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13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
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14 Report on the Research Project O
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height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
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14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
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Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
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17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
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18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
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z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
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18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
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h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
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d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
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References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
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26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
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27 Phenomenological Response Theory
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
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Page 235 and 236: 37 Determination of Angle of Attack
Page 237 and 238: 37 Determination of Angle of Attack
Page 239 and 240: Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
Page 241 and 242: 38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
Page 243 and 244: PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
Page 245 and 246: 39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
Page 247 and 248: 39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
Page 249 and 250: 39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
Page 251 and 252: 40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
Page 253 and 254: Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
Page 255 and 256: Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
Page 257 and 258: 41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
Page 259 and 260: 41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
Page 261 and 262: 42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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Page 265 and 266: 43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
Page 271 and 272: 44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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Page 275 and 276: 45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
Page 277 and 278: 8 6 uz 4 2 45 Modeling of the Far W
Page 279 and 280: 46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
Page 281 and 282: 46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
Page 283 and 284: 47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
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Page 289 and 290: 48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
Page 291 and 292: Z X Y 48 Numerical Computations of
Page 293 and 294: References 48 Numerical Computation
Page 295 and 296: 49 Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes wit
Page 297 and 298: U mean / U ref 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 49 Mod
Page 299 and 300: 49.5 Conclusion 49 Modelling Wind T
Page 301 and 302: 50 Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise
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Page 305 and 306: 51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
Page 307 and 308: Table 51.1. Measurements and simula
Page 309 and 310: 51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
Page 311 and 312: 52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
Page 317 and 318: 53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
Page 319 and 320: Simulation Measurement pitch angle
Page 321 and 322: 53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
Page 323 and 324: 54 Benefits of Fatigue Assessment w
Page 325 and 326: ∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
Page 327 and 328: 55 Extension of Life Time of Welded
Page 329 and 330: Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
Page 331 and 332: 56 Damage Detection on Structures o
Page 333 and 334: 56 Damage Detection on Structures o
Page 335 and 336: 57 Influence of the Type and Size o
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[W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
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58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-H
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(a) (b) 450 Load [kN] 400 350 300 2
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59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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SR 1000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 4
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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61 On the Influence of Low-Level Je
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Relative Power and Loading [%] 61 O
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
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