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312 L. Lohaus and S. Anders the tests on downsized grouted connections indicate that the regulations of the American Petroleum Institute are conservative regarding the tested specimens whereas the regulations by Det Norske Veritas overestimate the first maximum load as well as the ultimate load. Further investigations are in progress to confirm these results. Acknowledgements The generous financial support of the Stiftung Industrieforschung, the provision of the steel tubes by Vallourec and Mannesmann Tubes and the fatigue results on UHPC specimens by Densit A/S is gratefully acknowledged. References 1. American Petroleum Institute (2000): Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms–Working Stress Design. API Washington 2. Det Norske Veritas (1998): Rules for Fixed Offshore Installations, Det Norske Veritas 3. E. Fehling, M. Schmidt et al. (2003): Entwicklung, Dauerhaftigkeit und Berechnung Ultra-Hochfester Betone, Forschungsbericht an die DFG, Projekt Nr. FE 497/1-1, Universität Kassel 4. L. Lohaus, S. Anders (2004): Effects of polymer- and fibre modifications on the ductility, fracture properties and micro-crack development of UHPC. International Symposium on UHPC, 13.-15.09.2004, Kassel
59 A Modular Concept for Integrated Modeling of Offshore WEC Applied to Wave-Structure Coupling Kim Mittendorf, Martin Kohlmeier, Abderrahmane Habbar and Werner Zielke 59.1 Introduction For the development of robust and economic offshore wind energy converters, reliable design methods to perform integrated simulation of offshore wind turbines in time domain have to be improved or even developed. In the offshore environment, we have to consider a coupled system, consisting of the support structure, the foundation, the aeroelastic system for the wind model and the hydrodynamic loads due to waves. The achievement of an integral model suffers from the diversity of different processes and process interactions to be taken into account for the analysis of an offshore wind turbine and its associated subsystems. The models used by research teams and consulting engineers are normally heterogeneous. Therefore, a flexible structure of the integral model is the main target of current research. A well designed object-oriented and easily extendable set of models and interfaces have to be developed in order to fulfill future demands. This paper gives an overview of the single modules which are needed for an integrated design and how they would interact. Moreover it describes the pursued strategy for the coupling procedures and the interface design. In the first step a model for fluid structure interaction is implemented. 59.2 Integrated Modeling The numerical simulation of coupled processes (see Fig. 59.1) is essential for optimization purposes and for prediction of the breakeven performance of offshore WEC. A variety of commercial simulation tools for fluid dynamics, multibody dynamics or structural mechanics is available. Additional sophisticated tools for specific demands are being developed or self-improved. In order to serve several purposes an alternative use of different models is required in order to fulfill the a wide variety of modeling and simplification strategies.
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Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
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Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
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VI Preface been presented, spanning
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VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
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X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
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XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
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XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
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XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
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XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
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XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
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XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
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XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
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XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
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XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
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XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
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Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
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3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
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7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
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4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
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6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
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f Suu(f, z) / σ 2 u(z) 10 0 10 −
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a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
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7 Models for Computer Simulation of
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y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
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8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
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Height above ground in m 100 90 80
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12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
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13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
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14 Report on the Research Project O
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height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
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14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
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Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
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17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
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18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
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z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
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18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
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h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
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d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
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References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
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26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
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27 Phenomenological Response Theory
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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33 Experimental Researches of Chara
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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(Cl/Cd)max 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
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35 Modelling an Airfoil with Surfac
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36 Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emp
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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37 Determination of Angle of Attack
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Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
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38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
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PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
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39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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40 Rotation and Turbulence Effects
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Cp Xsep/c 1 0.6 0.2 −0.2 −0.6
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Standard deviation of Cp 0.7 0.6 0.
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41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
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41 3D-CFD-Simulation of a Wind Turb
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airf
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43 Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New T
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
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8 6 uz 4 2 45 Modeling of the Far W
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
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48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
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Page 305 and 306: 51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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Page 311 and 312: 52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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Page 325 and 326: ∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
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Page 349 and 350: 60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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Page 359 and 360: 62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
Page 361 and 362: 62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
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