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X Contents<br />

12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbulence Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68<br />

12.6.1 Eddy Viscosity Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68<br />

12.6.2 Scale Similarity Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69<br />

12.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />

13 Gusts in Intermittent <strong>Wind</strong> Turbulence<br />

and the Dynamics of their Recurrent Times<br />

François G. Schmitt ............................................. 73<br />

13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73<br />

13.2 Scaling and Intermittency of Velocity Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74<br />

13.3 Gusts for Fixed Time Increments<br />

and Their Recurrent Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74<br />

13.4 The Dynamics of Inverse Times: Times Needed<br />

for Fluctuations Larger than a Fixed Velocity Threshold . . . . . . . 78<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />

14 Report on the Research Project OWID – Offshore <strong>Wind</strong><br />

Design Parameter<br />

T. Neumann, S. Emeis and C. Illig ............................... 81<br />

14.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />

14.2 Relevant Standards and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />

14.3 Normal <strong>Wind</strong> Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82<br />

14.4 Normal Turbulence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82<br />

14.5 Extreme <strong>Wind</strong> Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84<br />

14.6 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />

14.7 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />

15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts and Wakes for Load<br />

Calculations<br />

Jakob Mann .................................................... 87<br />

15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />

15.2 Simulation over Flat Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />

15.3 Constrained Gaussian Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />

15.4 Wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />

15.4.1 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />

15.4.2 Scanning Laser Doppler Wake Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92<br />

16 Short Time Prediction of <strong>Wind</strong> Speeds<br />

from Local Measurements<br />

Holger Kantz, Detlef Holstein, Mario Ragwitz and Nikolay K. Vitanov . 93<br />

16.1 <strong>Wind</strong> Speed Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />

16.2 Prediction of <strong>Wind</strong> Gusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

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