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232 C. Bak et al. The measured airfoil configurations presented in this paper is (1) Clean surface with no aerodynamic devices mounted on the airfoil (Clean), (2) Standard leading edge roughness (LER) simulated by zigzag tape mounted at the suction side at x/c = 0.05 and at the pressure side at x/c = 0.10 (Standard LER) and (3) Severe LER simulated by zigzag tape mounted at the suction side from the very leading edge towards the trailing edge (Severe LER). A description of the test is found in [6]. 42.3 Results The measured characteristics for the Risø-B1 airfoils at Re =1.6 × 10 6 with clean surface and simulated leading edge roughness are reflected in Fig. 42.1 and Fig. 42.2. Also, corresponding 2D CFD computations at Re =1.6 × 10 6 are shown. Key parameters reflecting the performance of the airfoils are seen in Table 42.1. Values of maximum lift for the clean configuration show that the design objective for high maximum lift was met. The performance with standard LER, which probably is the way of simulation of LER that c l [−] 2 1.5 1 0.5 Clean Standard LER Severe LER 0.5 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 −5 0 CFD, turb 5 10 15 20 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 c [−] d AOA [deg] c [−] d c l [−] 2 1.5 1 Clean Standard LER Severe LER CFD, turb −5 0 5 10 15 20 AOA [deg] Fig. 42.1. Measurements with clean surface, standard LER and severe LER. The two left plots: The performance for the Risø-B1-15. The two right plots: The performance for the Risø-B1-18. Also, results from 2D CFD computations are seen c l [−] 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 c [−] d Clean Standard LER Severe LER CFD, turb −5 0 5 10 15 20 AOA [deg] c l [−] 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 c [−] d Clean Severe LER CFD, turb −5 0 5 10 15 20 AOA [deg] Fig. 42.2. Measurements with clean surface, standard LER and severe LER. Two left plots: The performance for the Risø-B1-24. The two right plots: The performance for the Risø-B1-27. Also, results from 2D CFD computations are seen
42 Performance of the Risø-B1 Airfoil Family 233 Table 42.1. Key parameters for the Risø-B1 family measured at Re =1.6 × 10 6 Airfoil Configuration cl,max cd,min maxcl − (at AOA) (at AOA) cd-ratio (at cl) Risø-B1-15 Risø-B1-18 Risø-B1-24 Risø-B1-27 Clean 1.74 (14.4) 0.0099 (1.4) 106 (1.08) Standard LER 1.66 (13.0) 0.0125 (−1.7) 74 (1.12) Severe LER 1.49 (12.4) 0.0108 (−2.4) 72 (1.10) Clean 1.64 (13.5) 0.0090 (−0.6) 100 (1.16) Standard LER 1.58 (13.2) 0.0130 (−0.2) 71 (1.19) Severe LER 1.39 (11.4) 0.0108 (−0.7) 62 (1.02) Clean 1.62 (14.2) 0.0117 (−1.0) 73 (1.13) Standard LER 1.50 (13.7) 0.0184 (5.0) 60 (1.19) Severe LER 1.33 (12.3) 0.0121 (−0.8) 58 (1.09) Clean 1.54 (13.5) 0.0131 (0.5) 64 (1.16) Severe LER 1.26 (11.0) 0.0136 (−0.6) 49 (1.05) Table 42.2. Key parameters for the Risø-B1 family computed using 2D CFD at Re =6× 10 6 Airfoil Configuration cl,max cd,min max cl − (at AOA) (at AOA) cd-ratio (at cl) Risø-B1-15 Clean 2.00 (16) 0.0088 (−2) 110 (1.40) Risø-B1-18 Clean 1.90 (15) 0.0090 (−2) 106 (1.37) Risø-B1-24 Clean 1.82 (16) 0.0112 (2) 91 (1.38) Risø-B1-27 Clean 1.73 (15) 0.0124 (2) 84 (1.35) corresponds best to a realistic leading edge roughness on wind turbine rotors, show that the airfoils are very insensitive to leading edge roughness, thus meeting another important design objective. The lift coefficients at which the lift-drag ratio has its maximum, also called the design lift, are relatively high. This makes the airfoils suitable for design of slender blades. Comparing the measurements in the clean configuration to the 2D CFD computations, show excellent agreement for the 18%, 24% and 27% airfoils and good agreement for the 15% airfoil lift. Estimating the performance of the Risø-B1 airfoil family at Re =6× 10 6 using fully turbulent 2D CFD is believed to result in reliable maximum lift values, whereas the drag values in general will be over predicted. Such values are seen in Table 42.2. 42.4 Conclusions The Risø-B1 airfoil family was tested in the Velux wind tunnel. The measurements showed a very good agreement with the predicted performance. The airfoils showed as desired, high maximum lift and low roughness sensitivity.
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Wind Energy Proceedings of the Euro
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Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke Dr. Stepha
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VI Preface been presented, spanning
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VIII Contents 3.3 Stochastic Wind F
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X Contents 12.6 Subgrid Scale Turbu
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XII Contents 22 Stochastic Small-Sc
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XIV Contents 32 Handling Systems Dr
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XVI Contents 41 3D Numerical Simula
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XVIII Contents 51 Comparing WAsP an
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XX Contents 58.3 Ultra-High Perform
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XXII List of Contributors Lars Berg
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XXIV List of Contributors Renata Gn
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XXVI List of Contributors A. Kiss D
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XXVIII List of Contributors El˙zbi
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XXX List of Contributors Ivo Sláde
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology B
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 3
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1 Offshore Wind Power Meteorology 5
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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Trubaduren 2 Wave Loads on Wind-Pow
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Base moment (10 6 Nm) 0.4 0.2 −0.
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2 Wave Loads on Wind-Power Plants i
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3 Time Domain Comparison of Simulat
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3 Time Domain Comparison Using Cons
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7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3 T
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4 Mean Wind and Turbulence in the A
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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5 Wind Speed Profiles above the Nor
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Height [m] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
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6 Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow
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f Suu(f, z) / σ 2 u(z) 10 0 10 −
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a) c) −0,375 6 Fluid Flow over Co
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7 Models for Computer Simulation of
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y/h 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 Models for
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8 Power Performance via Nacelle Ane
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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x1/B 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 9 Pollutant Di
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9 Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Arou
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10 On the Atmospheric Flow Modellin
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11 Comparison of Logarithmic Wind P
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Height above ground in m 100 90 80
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12 Turbulence Modelling and Numeric
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13 Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbu
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Durations (s) 25 20 15 10 5 13 Gust
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14 Report on the Research Project O
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height z (m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 14 R
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14.6 Outlook 14 Report on the Resea
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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S(ƒ)(m/s) 2 /Hz 15 Simulation of T
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15 Simulation of Turbulence, Gusts
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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ms prediction error [m/s] 16 Short
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16 Short Time Prediction of Wind Sp
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17 Wind Extremes and Scales: Multif
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Log10 E(k)*k**(5/3) 6 4 2 0 5/3 cor
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17.3 Discussion and Conclusion 17 W
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18 Boundary-Layer Influence on Extr
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z/H (a) (b) 4 2 18 Boundary-Layer I
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18.6 Concluding Remarks 18 Boundary
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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19 The Statistical Distribution of
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20 Superposition Model for Atmosphe
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h(u) 0.5 0.3 0.1 20 Superposition M
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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21 Extreme Events Under Low-Frequen
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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p(σ⏐u) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 22 Stoc
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22 Stochastic Small-Scale Modelling
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23 Quantitative Estimation of Drift
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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24 Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric St
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations P.
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25 Wind Farm Power Fluctuations 141
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d rc q rc V 0 q V 25 Wind Farm Powe
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References 25 Wind Farm Power Fluct
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26 Network Perspective of Wind-Powe
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27 Phenomenological Response Theory
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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28 Turbulence Correction for Power
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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29 Online Modeling of Wind Farm Pow
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30 Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estim
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31 Characterisation of the Power Cu
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32 Handling Systems Driven by Diffe
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Page 217 and 218: 34 Methodical Failure Detection in
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Page 221 and 222: 35 Modelling of the Transition Loca
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Page 239 and 240: Drag coefficient 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.
Page 241 and 242: 38 Unsteady Characteristics of Flow
Page 243 and 244: PSD PSD 38 Unsteady Characteristics
Page 245 and 246: 39 Aerodynamic Multi-Criteria Shape
Page 247 and 248: 39 Multi-Criteria Shape Optimizatio
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Page 257 and 258: 41 3D Numerical Simulation and Eval
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Page 271 and 272: 44 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic
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Page 275 and 276: 45 Modeling of the Far Wake behind
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Page 279 and 280: 46 Stability of the Tip Vortices in
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Page 283 and 284: 47 Modelling Turbulence Intensities
Page 289 and 290: 48 Numerical Computations of Wind T
Page 291 and 292: Z X Y 48 Numerical Computations of
Page 293 and 294: References 48 Numerical Computation
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Page 297 and 298: U mean / U ref 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 49 Mod
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Page 305 and 306: 51 Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Hi
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Page 311 and 312: 52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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52 Fatigue Assessment of Truss Join
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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Simulation Measurement pitch angle
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53 Advances in Offshore Wind Techno
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54 Benefits of Fatigue Assessment w
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∆σN [N/mm²] 100 10 54 Benefits
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55 Extension of Life Time of Welded
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Transverse residual stresses [N/mm
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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56 Damage Detection on Structures o
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57 Influence of the Type and Size o
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[W/m 2 ] q t [W/m 5000 4000 3000 20
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58 High-cycle Fatigue of “Ultra-H
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(a) (b) 450 Load [kN] 400 350 300 2
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59 A Modular Concept for Integrated
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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SR 1000 800 600 400 200 100 80 60 4
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60 Solutions of Details Regarding F
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61 On the Influence of Low-Level Je
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Relative Power and Loading [%] 61 O
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines Exp
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62 Reliability of Wind Turbines 331
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