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Daily Rainfall Total (mm) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Figure 45. Daily rainfall totals at Oriners Station 1963-1970. Annual rainfall totals using the combined records from Oriners and Dixie Stations average 1089 mm and range from 629 to 1832 mm. Longer-term records from nearby Koolatah and Musgrave indicate that annual totals can vary between 500 mm at a minimum to over 2000 mm during the wettest years (Figure 46). In comparison, potential evapotranspiration (ET) for the area is 1700 to 2000 mm per year, while actual ET is 600-900 mm per year (Australian Bureau of Meteorology (ABOM) 2012). The difference between potential and actual ET is a result of a lack of available water to evapotranspire in the late dry season. Large soil moisture deficits can occur in the dry season, while soil moisture also can be partially depleted between storms and synoptic disturbances within the wet season due to high actual evapotranspiration and low infiltration in some soils. Inter-annual rainfall totals can be quite variable on Cape York, but not to the extent of other regions of Australia due to fairly reliable monsoon rains from the southward movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer. Over the last century, annual rainfall patterns at Koolatah and Musgrave have cycled through distinct wet and dry phases (Figure 46). Several major wet phases have centered around 1911, 1974, and 1999 at Koolatah and Musgrave (Figure 46), while additional wet phases have occurred elsewhere in the Mitchell catchment centered on 1889, 1955, and 2011 (Shellberg 2011). Dry or neutral phases have been interspersed between wet phases. Rainfall anomaly signals are variable across the Mitchell catchment, with one example being that the 1911 wet phase was strongest at Palmerville Station and weaker at other stations. In contrast, other anomalies were spatially widespread in the Mitchell and beyond, such as the 1970‟s wet phase (Shellberg 2011). This decadal variability is common but not spatially or temporarily synchronous across Queensland (Lough 1991) and elsewhere in Australia (Nicholls and Lavery 1992; Gallant, Hennessy et al. 2007). This climatic variability is often correlated to ocean temperature and sea-level air pressure influenced by ENSO/IPO cycles (Lough 1991; Heinrich, Weidner et al. 2008 ; Risbey, Pook et al. 2009). Along with the variability in annual and decadal rainfall, the frequency and magnitude of extreme events such as cyclones can also vary over time across Cape York and the forest country around Oriners. For example, researchers measured proxy rainfall records from oxygen isotope ( 18 O/ 16 O) ratios in limestone stalagmites at the Chillagoe Caves in the central Mitchell catchment,250 km from Oriners(Nott, Haig et al. 2007). This 800-year proxy record Working Knowledge at Oriners Station, Cape York Oriners Daily Rainfall 133
demonstrated that cyclone landing frequency and magnitude were relatively low between AD 1800-2000, the same period that encompasses the written historical record by Europeans. In comparison, there were more frequent and larger cyclone events between AD 1400 and 1800, which casts doubt on the reliability of our existing records to predict future events such as major cyclones. Total Annual WY Rainfall (Water Year Oct to Sept) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1880 1885 1890 Koolatah Musgrave 5-Year Moving Average of Kooltah and Musgrave Average 1895 1900 1905 Figure 46. Long-term annual WY rainfall totals and trends at Koolatah and Musgrave. 3.2.2 Topography and drainage The main drainage channels flowing through Oriners and Sefton Stations include Goose, Hoodoo, Crosbie, and Eight Mile Creeks to the north and the Alice River and One Mile Creek to the south. Their catchments drain west toward the Gulf of Carpentaria from the Great Diving Range and Cape York Peninsula Batholith in the center of the Cape. To the east, the Morehead River drains into Princess Charlotte Bay and the Coral Sea. The divide between the Alice and Morehead catchments averages about 200m above sea level (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 2000), but areas of the range to the south and north reach to 350m and 250m respectively (Figure 47). The elevation of Oriners and Sefton Stations ranges from a high of 120 m behind Oriners to a low of 20 m along the lower Alice River. More detail on the topography and nature of the drainage systems is included below in Sections 3.2.5 and 3.2.8 and 3.2.10. Working Knowledge at Oriners Station, Cape York 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 Water Year (WY) (October to September) 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 134
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T Working Knowledge: local ecologic
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ..........
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5 Working knowledge: Conclusions an
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Figure 29. Mitchell catchment in fl
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Figure 68. 2004 Aerial Photograph o
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project is the
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is a report
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space for a complementary study emp
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cattlemen and the Hughes family, th
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As a contrast and complement, it is
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of people residing there during the
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the area for one or two seasons, bu
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Fire Frequency: for the Oriners are
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Strang then describes the story of
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emembered linguistic associations.
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Mystical/spiritual Scientific Perso
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ut your children will probably get
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20 years, Cecil Hughes, the son of
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Robert Burns: I was walking around
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Corporation. 12 Viv Sinnamon provid
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The purchase process was a factor i
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Viv Sinnamon: Yeah, and when we had
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communities, Lockhardt [River] and
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1.7 Oriners and the contemporary re
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management of country are not new.
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The above points demonstrate the va
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about forest and think of something
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Marcus Barber: Is that where Kowany
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-----------------------------------
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comes along with that, and where th
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Ivan Jimmy‟s brother Wilfred made
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Indigenous Australians are renowned
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Colin Hughes followed up his though
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Ezra Michael: I never heard it. No.
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Marcus Barber: So every time you we
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Figure 20. Oriners Lagoon in flood
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Figure 23. Large Woody Debris (LWD)
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Figure 24. Jeff Shellberg talks wit
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Figure 27. Mitchell catchment in fl
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2.2.4 Permanent water and groundwat
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Marcus Barber: So do you know how d
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Marcus Barber: Does that happen at
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Marcus Barber: What animals do you
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people are using the lagoon. Becaus
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that old black headed python. You g
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Marcus Barber: I was trying to find
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Major introduced animals at Oriners
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Colin Hughes: Oh there‟s just a l
Page 97 and 98: There was never too many [wild hors
Page 99 and 100: Cecil Hughes: Yes, you never saw th
Page 101 and 102: And they had special fish traps her
Page 103 and 104: Philip Yam: 3 or 4 times. A few tim
Page 105 and 106: Conversations with Philip Yam about
Page 107 and 108: Marcus Barber: so you have to get f
Page 109 and 110: 2.5.4 Cattlemen: working connection
Page 111 and 112: Edwin David Most of the older build
Page 113 and 114: spirits being reborn in new generat
Page 115 and 116: Marcus Barber: Phillip‟s son Max?
Page 117 and 118: necessary at some of the times they
Page 119 and 120: Marcus Barber: If it was a really w
Page 121 and 122: hobble the horse and camp out there
Page 123 and 124: Marcus Barber: So you were moving a
Page 125 and 126: Marcus Barber: Was the grass still
Page 127 and 128: Philip Yam: Drumduff. We got blamed
Page 129 and 130: purpose of fires needs to be very c
Page 131 and 132: Marcus Barber: But it‟s been ther
Page 133 and 134: Figure 38. Oriners station from the
Page 135 and 136: and it traverses some areas prone t
Page 137 and 138: 2.7.1 Applying „Working Knowledge
Page 139 and 140: ochen (uy -) ojen (uy -) mujun (uy
Page 141 and 142: Oykangand Olkol Og Water ok Water o
Page 143 and 144: Other signs mark a broader seasonal
Page 145 and 146: The two comments from the Jimmy bro
Page 147: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm)_ 450
Page 151 and 152: Figure 48. Geology of the catchment
Page 153 and 154: 3.2.4 Soils The soils of the “for
Page 155 and 156: Figure 49. Soils of Oriners and Sef
Page 157 and 158: Figure 52. RAAF oblique photograph
Page 159 and 160: Annaly (A) Land System Lowlands on
Page 161 and 162: 3.2.6 Soil erosion Soil erosion can
Page 163 and 164: Figure 56. Land use map of the Mitc
Page 165 and 166: larger valleys of Hoodoo and Sellar
Page 167 and 168: solutes from subsurface sedimentary
Page 169 and 170: 3.2.10.2 Eight Mile valley near Ori
Page 171 and 172: Elevation (m) 180 160 140 120 100 8
Page 173 and 174: Figure 64. 1955 Aerial Photograph o
Page 175 and 176: pools like these are typically carv
Page 177 and 178: Figure 67. 1955 Aerial Photograph O
Page 179 and 180: Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
Page 181 and 182: have also been defined as valley-bo
Page 187 and 188: Eucalyptus leptophleba (Mollow Red
Page 189 and 190: to manage vegetation and game, or f
Page 191 and 192: Figure 77. 1955 aerial photograph o
Page 193 and 194: Overall pig populations are poorly
Page 195 and 196: area can be obtained from the Queen
Page 197 and 198: degradation. Genuine restoration op
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Section 4.1 contains models of inte
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Figure 80. Model of Oriners landsca
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4.1.3 Late dry season Two key diffe
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eshape the elements in the same way
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Evidence from Section 2.6.4 and 3.2
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Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
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Figure 92. Oblique air photos of Ho
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The primary contexts for learning k
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Despite data limitation, there is e
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Marcus Barber: If you were to think
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Regional scale Neighbouring Statio
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Cotter, G. (1995). A study of the p
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Kowanyama Aboriginal Council (2003)
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Smart, J., K. G. Grimes, et al. (19
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7 GLOSSARY 38 Alkaline- having the
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Fluvial Megafan- a large (10 3 -10
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Potential Energy- the stored energy
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8 APPENDICES 8.1 Informed Consent F
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8.3 Wildlife Animal Species List fo
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Birds Coraciidae Eurystomus orienta
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Reptiles Crocodylidae Crocodylus jo
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Dicots Fabaceae Crotalaria montana
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Dicots Myrtaceae Neofabricia serici
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Monocots Poaceae Eriachne sp. C Mon
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Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
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