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Most of the major gully erosion along the floodplains of Eight Mile Creek near Oriners is created and accelerated by vehicle roads and tracks. When primate tracks have light traffic, are covered well by grass, and are driven by cautious and attentive drivers, they can be quite stable and produce less sediment than larger more developed dirt roads. However when small tracks are driven during wetter periods by aggressive drivers and/or during periods of low vegetation cover after fires, they can begin to erode in sensitive areas such as creek crossings, inclines, boggy areas, and sandy areas. The mechanical breakdown of alluvial soils into “bull-dust” in the dry season can also initiate gullying when this material is easily washed away in the wet season. Often initially small road disturbances can concentrate overbank floodwater and through positive feedbacks then erode into large gullies. Roads parallel to the flood flow in alluvial valleys (Figure 57) are very prone to linear gullying and can even facilitate the creation of new anabranches (Figure 73a). Whereas road crossings through creeks can accelerate local water delivery and the creation of bank gullies (Figure 88). Examples of initially small road disturbances creating large linear gullies into alluvium are widespread along Eight Mile Creek, such as along the western access road to Oriners (Figure 73a), the eastern access road (Figure 73bcd), or the airplane landing strip (Figure 73ef). Severe road damage at the upstream end of Oriners Lagoon has reduced the local base level and triggered massive gully erosion into shallow drainage ways (dambos) upstream (Figure 72). Most of these gullies have formed in the last 20 years, but were a consequence of earlier settlement patterns and road placement (Figure 38). Small scale regular maintenance and seasonal touch-up of primate tracks with small equipment like a tractor is key to longevity, and could have stopped many of these gullies issues before they got to this stage. In contrast, careless large-scale machine work using bulldozers and graders can actually accelerate gully erosion by scouring into highly erodible soils, removing protective grass cover and concentrating larger volumes of water. The fragile nature of the Oriners landscape means that major road works need to follow strict Best Management Practices, consulting local knowledge holders, building up road prisms with imported material, and conducting regular maintenance. The newly cleared bypass road around Oriners homestead (circa 2010; Figure 74ab) and plans for major upgrades of the road through Oriners Station (circa 2012/2013) could improve access and road drivability, but also could have significant unintended consequences (e.g., erosion, sedimentation, weed spread). They could accelerate soil and gully erosion and sediment delivery to major residential and cultural sites such as Oriners and Jewfish Lagoons. Examples already exist of gullying into swampy valleys and drainage ways (dambos) from excess water delivery (Figure 74cd), as these valleys are highly prone to disturbance. It is likely that the new road construction will increase the water and sediment delivery to these dambo valleys via road runoff, which could destabilize them and lead to further gully incision (Figure 74ef). It is essential that roads are properly designed to match the topographic and erodible soils. Water runoff and sediment delivery must be carefully mitigated through the implementation of abundant Best Management Practices (BMPs) such as frequently spaced and abundant diversion drains (i.e., < 20m spacing onto safe dispersal sites). Unfortunately, existing completed road designs in the area are far from adequate to reduce or eliminate excess water and sediment delivery to aquatic systems (Figure 74f). Working Knowledge at Oriners Station, Cape York 167
Working Knowledge at Oriners Station, Cape York a) b) c) d) Figure 71. Examples of alluvial gullies on lagoon banks at a) Oriners Lagoon, b) Jewfish Lagoon, c) road/track at Jewfish Lagoons feeding water into a gully, which is the same as d) next to Jewfish Lagoon. Figure 72. A large gully upstream of Oriners Lagoon triggered by the road crossing the lagoons inlet drainage ways. 168
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T Working Knowledge: local ecologic
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ..........
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5 Working knowledge: Conclusions an
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Figure 29. Mitchell catchment in fl
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Figure 68. 2004 Aerial Photograph o
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project is the
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is a report
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space for a complementary study emp
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cattlemen and the Hughes family, th
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As a contrast and complement, it is
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of people residing there during the
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the area for one or two seasons, bu
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Fire Frequency: for the Oriners are
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Strang then describes the story of
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emembered linguistic associations.
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Mystical/spiritual Scientific Perso
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ut your children will probably get
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20 years, Cecil Hughes, the son of
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Robert Burns: I was walking around
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Corporation. 12 Viv Sinnamon provid
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The purchase process was a factor i
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Viv Sinnamon: Yeah, and when we had
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communities, Lockhardt [River] and
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1.7 Oriners and the contemporary re
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management of country are not new.
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The above points demonstrate the va
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about forest and think of something
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Marcus Barber: Is that where Kowany
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-----------------------------------
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comes along with that, and where th
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Ivan Jimmy‟s brother Wilfred made
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Indigenous Australians are renowned
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Colin Hughes followed up his though
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Ezra Michael: I never heard it. No.
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Marcus Barber: So every time you we
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Figure 20. Oriners Lagoon in flood
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Figure 23. Large Woody Debris (LWD)
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Figure 24. Jeff Shellberg talks wit
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Figure 27. Mitchell catchment in fl
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2.2.4 Permanent water and groundwat
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Marcus Barber: So do you know how d
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Marcus Barber: Does that happen at
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Marcus Barber: What animals do you
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people are using the lagoon. Becaus
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that old black headed python. You g
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Marcus Barber: I was trying to find
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Major introduced animals at Oriners
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Colin Hughes: Oh there‟s just a l
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There was never too many [wild hors
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Cecil Hughes: Yes, you never saw th
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And they had special fish traps her
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Philip Yam: 3 or 4 times. A few tim
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Conversations with Philip Yam about
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Marcus Barber: so you have to get f
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2.5.4 Cattlemen: working connection
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Edwin David Most of the older build
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spirits being reborn in new generat
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Marcus Barber: Phillip‟s son Max?
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necessary at some of the times they
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Marcus Barber: If it was a really w
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hobble the horse and camp out there
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Marcus Barber: So you were moving a
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Marcus Barber: Was the grass still
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Philip Yam: Drumduff. We got blamed
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purpose of fires needs to be very c
Page 131 and 132: Marcus Barber: But it‟s been ther
Page 133 and 134: Figure 38. Oriners station from the
Page 135 and 136: and it traverses some areas prone t
Page 137 and 138: 2.7.1 Applying „Working Knowledge
Page 139 and 140: ochen (uy -) ojen (uy -) mujun (uy
Page 141 and 142: Oykangand Olkol Og Water ok Water o
Page 143 and 144: Other signs mark a broader seasonal
Page 145 and 146: The two comments from the Jimmy bro
Page 147 and 148: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm)_ 450
Page 149 and 150: demonstrated that cyclone landing f
Page 151 and 152: Figure 48. Geology of the catchment
Page 153 and 154: 3.2.4 Soils The soils of the “for
Page 155 and 156: Figure 49. Soils of Oriners and Sef
Page 157 and 158: Figure 52. RAAF oblique photograph
Page 159 and 160: Annaly (A) Land System Lowlands on
Page 161 and 162: 3.2.6 Soil erosion Soil erosion can
Page 163 and 164: Figure 56. Land use map of the Mitc
Page 165 and 166: larger valleys of Hoodoo and Sellar
Page 167 and 168: solutes from subsurface sedimentary
Page 169 and 170: 3.2.10.2 Eight Mile valley near Ori
Page 171 and 172: Elevation (m) 180 160 140 120 100 8
Page 173 and 174: Figure 64. 1955 Aerial Photograph o
Page 175 and 176: pools like these are typically carv
Page 177 and 178: Figure 67. 1955 Aerial Photograph O
Page 179 and 180: Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
Page 181: have also been defined as valley-bo
Page 187 and 188: Eucalyptus leptophleba (Mollow Red
Page 189 and 190: to manage vegetation and game, or f
Page 191 and 192: Figure 77. 1955 aerial photograph o
Page 193 and 194: Overall pig populations are poorly
Page 195 and 196: area can be obtained from the Queen
Page 197 and 198: degradation. Genuine restoration op
Page 199 and 200: Section 4.1 contains models of inte
Page 201 and 202: Figure 80. Model of Oriners landsca
Page 203 and 204: 4.1.3 Late dry season Two key diffe
Page 205 and 206: eshape the elements in the same way
Page 207 and 208: Evidence from Section 2.6.4 and 3.2
Page 211 and 212: Figure 92. Oblique air photos of Ho
Page 213 and 214: The primary contexts for learning k
Page 215 and 216: Despite data limitation, there is e
Page 217 and 218: Marcus Barber: If you were to think
Page 219 and 220: Regional scale Neighbouring Statio
Page 221 and 222: Cotter, G. (1995). A study of the p
Page 223 and 224: Kowanyama Aboriginal Council (2003)
Page 225 and 226: Smart, J., K. G. Grimes, et al. (19
Page 227 and 228: 7 GLOSSARY 38 Alkaline- having the
Page 229 and 230: Fluvial Megafan- a large (10 3 -10
Page 231 and 232: Potential Energy- the stored energy
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8 APPENDICES 8.1 Informed Consent F
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8.3 Wildlife Animal Species List fo
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Birds Coraciidae Eurystomus orienta
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Reptiles Crocodylidae Crocodylus jo
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Dicots Fabaceae Crotalaria montana
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Dicots Myrtaceae Neofabricia serici
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Monocots Poaceae Eriachne sp. C Mon
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Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
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