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to comment on the expected average floods over a 20 year period based on his observations of the marks on the homestead wall: I haven‟t been out there [to Oriners] for years but I‟d say they probably missed out [on a flood at the homestead] last wet season [2009-10]. I‟d say there would be a likelihood, a chance that wet season before they would have got some sort of flood there, because everyone else in this country did. But no, it‟s not every year. Pretty well the same as, like Koolatah, probably over a 20 year period they‟d probably get 8 or 10 years where there is floodwater. Depth varies too I suppose, I know a lot of years we used to go down there and clean the place up after the wet, but we never had anyone living down there [during the time Oriners was managed from Dixie Station]. And you know, a lot of times it only went through the house that deep [1 or 2 foot] and left a water stain on the wall. The deepest one that I can remember was about 4 foot. Colin Hughes This kind of comment about a „statistical average‟ is less commonly made by Indigenous cattlemen whose learning involved less formal schooling, but the knowledge of potential variations can at times be greater, as it can encompass more frequent direct observations of the country and over a longer time period. Members of the Yam family have lived at Oriners over the wet season a number of times, and therefore have observed the floods themselves as well as the flood marks. Paddy Yam also commented that he had witnessed another extreme, saying he had once seen the sandy bottom of Jewfish Lagoon, after it nearly went dry at the end of a long period of low rainfall. This is not a common or frequent observation made about one of the main permanent waterholes on the station. Understanding variability means understanding the general average pattern, the ways in which that pattern varies in recurring ways, and identifying events or instances that lie well outside of what one might expect as part of that variability. All of these kinds of knowledge are evident in the comments above. 2.1.3 „This month is different‟: abnormal changes Alongside the expected variability and general averages noted above, there were also observations of changes in the weather which were more than a single unusual instance. These were now noted in sufficient numbers that they represented a new kind of pattern – a permanent change to what was normal. There was a clear recognition by a number of Indigenous people that the weather they now experienced was different from the weather they remembered from the past: The seasons have changed. Years ago you could tell the first storms were coming. There would be an early storm in December to make everything nice for Christmas. Now the shower rains come earlier and heavier. There are more cyclones predicted for this country. It used to be you would see the electrical storms before the wet season came. Now the rains come from anywhere, rather than from the west first. Alan Creek --------------------------------------- But now you can notice changes in the weather now, this month is different. It should have been a wet month now, but it‟s not. It should have been raining here, it should have been raining all around Koolatah, Dunbar, but we are not getting that much rain. It‟s not like what it was in the early days in our time, when we were kids, growing up. We had rain around this month of the year [late October] It should be pouring rain, I think. Right across Koolatah, Dunbar, all up here, right down that way and up this way. Ivan Jimmy Working Knowledge at Oriners Station, Cape York 45
Ivan Jimmy‟s brother Wilfred made similar observations: Marcus Barber: Were the clouds and the rain the same in the old days as it is now? Wilfred Jimmy: No, it‟s quite different. In the old days it was good seasons, good years, the people was happy. Until late November there was no rain. Marcus Barber: What is different about the weather now? Wilfred Jimmy: It gets very, very, very, very hot. Marcus Barber: Hotter than before? Wilfred Jimmy: Yeah. Wilfred Jimmy went on to describe changes in the wind directions at Kowanyama, with associated differences in the way that rain and storms approached the community. Ivan Jimmy commented that the rain was not coming at the right time, that it was „all wrong‟, and described a new kind of unpredictability: Marcus Barber: Are there other seasons changing too? Is the wet season too long or too short, or is it just messy? Ivan Jimmy: It‟s just messy. You don‟t know the weather, if it‟s going to rain, or be a big wet season, or maybe just a few months or two, and then something go wrong then. It might stop. Marcus Barber: Is it getting hotter or is it messy rain. Is it too hot now? Ivan Jimmy: Too hot. Marcus Barber: Dry season or wet season or both? Ivan Jimmy: Both. Sun coming out more, getting more hot late at night. [It] gets real hot. Marcus Barber: What about the wind? Is the wind still the same? Ivan Jimmy: No. This time of year, well it should have been the wet season now. It should be coming this way, from the coast, it should be blowing from that way. In a separate conversation, older Indigenous cattlemen also commented on significant changes, albeit not the same kind: Marcus Barber: Is the weather and the rain the same now as when you were young? Robert Burns: No, no Fred Coleman: It‟s changed, it‟s changed a lot. Marcus Barber: What‟s different? Robert Burns: It used to be more before eh? Always. Big wet we got in 1974, I think. That was a big one. Marcus Barber: So there is less rain around now. Is it still coming at the same time? Robert Burns: No, no, it‟s a bit later now. Fred Coleman: Sometimes it‟s early Robert Burns: We get early storms. Marcus Barber: So sometimes you get one storm and then nothing, but the main wet season is coming later on? Fred Coleman: Yes Robert Burns: Mmm. Working Knowledge at Oriners Station, Cape York 46
Page 1 and 2:
T Working Knowledge: local ecologic
Page 3 and 4:
CONTENTS Acknowledgments ..........
Page 5 and 6:
5 Working knowledge: Conclusions an
Page 7 and 8:
Figure 29. Mitchell catchment in fl
Page 9 and 10: Figure 68. 2004 Aerial Photograph o
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project is the
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is a report
Page 15 and 16: space for a complementary study emp
Page 17 and 18: cattlemen and the Hughes family, th
Page 19 and 20: As a contrast and complement, it is
Page 21 and 22: of people residing there during the
Page 23 and 24: the area for one or two seasons, bu
Page 25 and 26: Fire Frequency: for the Oriners are
Page 27 and 28: Strang then describes the story of
Page 29 and 30: emembered linguistic associations.
Page 31 and 32: Mystical/spiritual Scientific Perso
Page 33 and 34: ut your children will probably get
Page 35 and 36: 20 years, Cecil Hughes, the son of
Page 37 and 38: Robert Burns: I was walking around
Page 39 and 40: Corporation. 12 Viv Sinnamon provid
Page 41 and 42: The purchase process was a factor i
Page 43 and 44: Viv Sinnamon: Yeah, and when we had
Page 45 and 46: communities, Lockhardt [River] and
Page 47 and 48: 1.7 Oriners and the contemporary re
Page 49 and 50: management of country are not new.
Page 51 and 52: The above points demonstrate the va
Page 53 and 54: about forest and think of something
Page 55 and 56: Marcus Barber: Is that where Kowany
Page 57 and 58: -----------------------------------
Page 59: comes along with that, and where th
Page 63 and 64: Indigenous Australians are renowned
Page 65 and 66: Colin Hughes followed up his though
Page 67 and 68: Ezra Michael: I never heard it. No.
Page 69 and 70: Marcus Barber: So every time you we
Page 71 and 72: Figure 20. Oriners Lagoon in flood
Page 73 and 74: Figure 23. Large Woody Debris (LWD)
Page 75 and 76: Figure 24. Jeff Shellberg talks wit
Page 77 and 78: Figure 27. Mitchell catchment in fl
Page 79 and 80: 2.2.4 Permanent water and groundwat
Page 81 and 82: Marcus Barber: So do you know how d
Page 83 and 84: Marcus Barber: Does that happen at
Page 85 and 86: Marcus Barber: What animals do you
Page 87 and 88: people are using the lagoon. Becaus
Page 89 and 90: that old black headed python. You g
Page 91 and 92: Marcus Barber: I was trying to find
Page 93 and 94: Major introduced animals at Oriners
Page 95 and 96: Colin Hughes: Oh there‟s just a l
Page 97 and 98: There was never too many [wild hors
Page 99 and 100: Cecil Hughes: Yes, you never saw th
Page 101 and 102: And they had special fish traps her
Page 103 and 104: Philip Yam: 3 or 4 times. A few tim
Page 105 and 106: Conversations with Philip Yam about
Page 107 and 108: Marcus Barber: so you have to get f
Page 109 and 110: 2.5.4 Cattlemen: working connection
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Edwin David Most of the older build
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spirits being reborn in new generat
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Marcus Barber: Phillip‟s son Max?
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necessary at some of the times they
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Marcus Barber: If it was a really w
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hobble the horse and camp out there
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Marcus Barber: So you were moving a
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Marcus Barber: Was the grass still
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Philip Yam: Drumduff. We got blamed
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purpose of fires needs to be very c
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Marcus Barber: But it‟s been ther
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Figure 38. Oriners station from the
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and it traverses some areas prone t
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2.7.1 Applying „Working Knowledge
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ochen (uy -) ojen (uy -) mujun (uy
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Oykangand Olkol Og Water ok Water o
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Other signs mark a broader seasonal
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The two comments from the Jimmy bro
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Average Monthly Rainfall (mm)_ 450
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demonstrated that cyclone landing f
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Figure 48. Geology of the catchment
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3.2.4 Soils The soils of the “for
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Figure 49. Soils of Oriners and Sef
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Figure 52. RAAF oblique photograph
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Annaly (A) Land System Lowlands on
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3.2.6 Soil erosion Soil erosion can
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Figure 56. Land use map of the Mitc
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larger valleys of Hoodoo and Sellar
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solutes from subsurface sedimentary
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3.2.10.2 Eight Mile valley near Ori
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Elevation (m) 180 160 140 120 100 8
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Figure 64. 1955 Aerial Photograph o
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pools like these are typically carv
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Figure 67. 1955 Aerial Photograph O
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Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
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have also been defined as valley-bo
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Page 185 and 186:
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Eucalyptus leptophleba (Mollow Red
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to manage vegetation and game, or f
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Figure 77. 1955 aerial photograph o
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Overall pig populations are poorly
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area can be obtained from the Queen
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degradation. Genuine restoration op
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Section 4.1 contains models of inte
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Figure 80. Model of Oriners landsca
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4.1.3 Late dry season Two key diffe
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eshape the elements in the same way
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Evidence from Section 2.6.4 and 3.2
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Figure 92. Oblique air photos of Ho
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The primary contexts for learning k
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Despite data limitation, there is e
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Marcus Barber: If you were to think
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Regional scale Neighbouring Statio
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Cotter, G. (1995). A study of the p
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Kowanyama Aboriginal Council (2003)
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Smart, J., K. G. Grimes, et al. (19
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7 GLOSSARY 38 Alkaline- having the
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Fluvial Megafan- a large (10 3 -10
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Potential Energy- the stored energy
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8 APPENDICES 8.1 Informed Consent F
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8.3 Wildlife Animal Species List fo
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Birds Coraciidae Eurystomus orienta
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Reptiles Crocodylidae Crocodylus jo
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Dicots Fabaceae Crotalaria montana
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Dicots Myrtaceae Neofabricia serici
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Monocots Poaceae Eriachne sp. C Mon
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