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o Wyaaba Beds: The most widespread sedimentary formation in the area, which consists of “clayey quartzose sand and sandstone, granule to (locally) pebble gravel, conglomerate; interbedded sandy clay and calcareous mudstone” (Smart, Grimes et al. 1980a; Smart, Grimes et al. 1980a). Miocene in age (23 to 5 million yrs) (Grimes 1979). These formations are highly weathered from seasonal wet-dry cycles, which have formed thick deposits of weathered sands on ridgelines (interfluves) in addition to local zones of mottling, ferruginous nodules, and cemented ferruginous and siliceous duricrusts (Grimes and Doutch 1978; Grimes 1979). The induration and cementation of some layers by movement and re-deposition of solutes (iron, manganese, silica, etc(Goudie 1973; McFarlane 1976; Goudie 1984) has partly protected these formations from further erosion (Grimes 1979), and has resulted in places an inverted landscape (alluvium once deposited in valleys now cemented as capping ridgelines (Ollier 1991; Pain and Ollier 1992). Alice and Mitchell Fluvial Megafans: The Quaternary alluvium (gravel, sand, silt, clay) of the Alice River and its tributaries (Eight Mile, Crosbie) forms the northern edge of the Mitchell River fluvial megafan (Grimes and Doutch 1978; Brooks, Shellberg et al. 2009) , which overall has an area of 31 000 km 2 and is the largest such feature in Australia. The fluvial megafan has distinct, shallow fan units that have deposited from the Pliocene to Holocene (Grimes and Doutch 1978) . Over this period, sea level and climate change have resulted in at least five cycles of fan building, with nested fan-in-fan forms developing as fluvial megafan units coalesced and prograded toward the current Mitchell estuary and delta in the Gulf of Carpentaria. This resulted in a unique assemblage of geomorphic units and process zones that vary both longitudinally and transversely across the megafans (Galloway, Gunn et al. 1970) . The Alice fan initially started to build in the Pliocene, and has largely continued to this day (Grimes and Doutch 1978) . Due to greater sediment supply to the Mitchell River from its headwaters, compared to Alice (Rustomji, Shellberg et al. 2010), the Mitchell fan had more dynamic phases of fan building and has dominated the infilling of the Karumba sedimentary basin that the Alice and Mitchell flow into (Grimes and Doutch 1978). This sedimentation from the Mitchell has likely influenced the Alice fan and its tributaries, by raising local base levels and causing the Alice and its tributaries to backfill their valleys with Quaternary alluvium, up to locations such as Oriners, Sefton and Crosbie Stations (Figure 48). However the low gradient nature of these valleys and local sediment supply also influence sedimentation. o Quaternary Alluvium (Channels and Floodplains): Quaternary alluvium (gravel, sand, silt, clay) dominates the valley, floodplains and channels of drainage lines in the area. The wide valleys (> 2 km) of Eight Mile and Crosbie Creeks and the Alice River typically have multiple, interconnected anabranch channels with predominantly sand beds. The floodplains in between channels are dominated by overbank silt/clay deposits and local sand splays. Where anabranch channels abut hillslopes or other resistant features, they have scoured deep pools into local bedrock or older indurated alluvium and created large lagoons. Around scour pools and lagoons, it is common to find older indurated alluvium or “creek rock” where iron or silica solutes washed from higher points of the landscape have accumulated and cemented alluvium in the lower parts of the landscape, enhanced by the extreme seasonal wetting and drying cycles on Cape York (Pain and Ollier 1992; Pain, Wilford et al. 1998). This type of deposition and induration process can occur quite rapidly, as indicated by luminescence, Ur/Th, and carbon dating of similar deposits in north Queensland that formed during the Holocene (< 12,000 yrs) or late Pleistocene (
3.2.4 Soils The soils of the “forest county” around Oriners and Sefton have been mapped and described using field reconnaissance, distributed but generally sparse soil sampling at reference locations, and a considerable amount of air photo interpretation at 1:1,000,000 (Isbell, Webb et al. 1968; Galloway, Gunn et al. 1970; Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS) 1991) and 1:900,000 (Biggs and Philip 1995a; Biggs and Philip 1995b). The soil distribution patterns of this forest country largely follow similar patterns to the underlying geology and parent material that the soils are derived from (contrast Figure 48 and Figure 49). The major soil types are as follows: Alluvial Plain Soils (Quaternary Alluvium along Major Creeks/Rivers) o Ab Antbed (CYPLUS): Ferric or Sodic Sodosolic or Dermosolic Redoxic Hydrosol. Very deep gradational or occasionally duplex sodic mottled grey soils formed on alluvial plains. Landform: Level to gently undulating alluvial plains. Geology: Quaternary alluvium (Qa). Vegetation: M. viridiflora low open woodlands. Surface condition: Hardsetting poorly drained, regularly inundated, erodible (Biggs and Philip 1995a; Biggs and Philip 1995b) . o TM1 (Atlas of Australian Soils): Alluvial plains and broad drainage depressions; occasional low sandy rises and old sand-filled channels may occur throughout: dominant soils are sandy or loamy bleached grey earths (massive and structured earths). Closely associated in lower sites and adjacent to stream channels are loamy grey duplex soils (yellow and yellowgrey duplex soils). The occasional low sandy rises and sand-filled channels have deep sands and sandy earths. Data are fairly limited. (Figure 49; (Isbell, Webb et al. 1968; Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS) 1991).. Tertiary Sand, Sandstone, Conglomerate (Holroyd Plain) o Drainage Depressions or Dambos (CYPLUS): Working Knowledge at Oriners Station, Cape York Hn Hann (CYPLUS): Sodic Sodosolic Redoxic Hydrosol; Bleached- Ferric Chromosolic Redoxic Hydrosol. Deep bleached duplex soils of footslopes and drainage depressions in residual sands. Landform: Footslopes on gently undulating plains or undulating rises. Geology: Tertiary and Quaternary colluvial sands (TQs). Vegetation: M. viridiflora low open woodlands. Surface condition: Firm to hardsetting. Poorly drained, frequently inundated, erodible (Biggs and Philip 1995a; Biggs and Philip 1995b). o Ridgelines and Plains (CYPLUS): Cr Clark (CYPLUS): Bleached or Bleached-Mottled or Bleached-Ferric Mesotrophic Kandosol. Deep bleached Gradational yellow massive soils formed on residual sands. Landform: Gently undulating plains to undulating rises. Geology: Tertiary and Quaternary colluvial sands (TQs). Vegetation: E. tetrodonta woodlands. Surface condition: Firm to hardsetting. Moderately well drained and stable (Biggs and Philip 1995a; Biggs and Philip 1995b). Kb Kimba (CYPLUS): Haplic Mesotrophic or Eutrophic Red Kandosol. Very deep Gradational red massive soils formed on residual sands. Landform: Gently undulating plains to undulating rises. Geology: Tertiary and Quaternary colluvial sands (TQs). Vegetation: E. tetrodonta woodlands and tall woodlands. Surface condition: Loose to 138
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T Working Knowledge: local ecologic
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ..........
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5 Working knowledge: Conclusions an
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Figure 29. Mitchell catchment in fl
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Figure 68. 2004 Aerial Photograph o
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project is the
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is a report
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space for a complementary study emp
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cattlemen and the Hughes family, th
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As a contrast and complement, it is
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of people residing there during the
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the area for one or two seasons, bu
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Fire Frequency: for the Oriners are
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Strang then describes the story of
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emembered linguistic associations.
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Mystical/spiritual Scientific Perso
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ut your children will probably get
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20 years, Cecil Hughes, the son of
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Robert Burns: I was walking around
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Corporation. 12 Viv Sinnamon provid
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The purchase process was a factor i
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Viv Sinnamon: Yeah, and when we had
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communities, Lockhardt [River] and
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1.7 Oriners and the contemporary re
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management of country are not new.
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The above points demonstrate the va
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about forest and think of something
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Marcus Barber: Is that where Kowany
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-----------------------------------
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comes along with that, and where th
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Ivan Jimmy‟s brother Wilfred made
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Indigenous Australians are renowned
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Colin Hughes followed up his though
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Ezra Michael: I never heard it. No.
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Marcus Barber: So every time you we
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Figure 20. Oriners Lagoon in flood
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Figure 23. Large Woody Debris (LWD)
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Figure 24. Jeff Shellberg talks wit
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Figure 27. Mitchell catchment in fl
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2.2.4 Permanent water and groundwat
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Marcus Barber: So do you know how d
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Marcus Barber: Does that happen at
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Marcus Barber: What animals do you
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people are using the lagoon. Becaus
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that old black headed python. You g
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Marcus Barber: I was trying to find
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Major introduced animals at Oriners
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Colin Hughes: Oh there‟s just a l
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There was never too many [wild hors
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Cecil Hughes: Yes, you never saw th
Page 101 and 102: And they had special fish traps her
Page 103 and 104: Philip Yam: 3 or 4 times. A few tim
Page 105 and 106: Conversations with Philip Yam about
Page 107 and 108: Marcus Barber: so you have to get f
Page 109 and 110: 2.5.4 Cattlemen: working connection
Page 111 and 112: Edwin David Most of the older build
Page 113 and 114: spirits being reborn in new generat
Page 115 and 116: Marcus Barber: Phillip‟s son Max?
Page 117 and 118: necessary at some of the times they
Page 119 and 120: Marcus Barber: If it was a really w
Page 121 and 122: hobble the horse and camp out there
Page 123 and 124: Marcus Barber: So you were moving a
Page 125 and 126: Marcus Barber: Was the grass still
Page 127 and 128: Philip Yam: Drumduff. We got blamed
Page 129 and 130: purpose of fires needs to be very c
Page 131 and 132: Marcus Barber: But it‟s been ther
Page 133 and 134: Figure 38. Oriners station from the
Page 135 and 136: and it traverses some areas prone t
Page 137 and 138: 2.7.1 Applying „Working Knowledge
Page 139 and 140: ochen (uy -) ojen (uy -) mujun (uy
Page 141 and 142: Oykangand Olkol Og Water ok Water o
Page 143 and 144: Other signs mark a broader seasonal
Page 145 and 146: The two comments from the Jimmy bro
Page 147 and 148: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm)_ 450
Page 149 and 150: demonstrated that cyclone landing f
Page 151: Figure 48. Geology of the catchment
Page 155 and 156: Figure 49. Soils of Oriners and Sef
Page 157 and 158: Figure 52. RAAF oblique photograph
Page 159 and 160: Annaly (A) Land System Lowlands on
Page 161 and 162: 3.2.6 Soil erosion Soil erosion can
Page 163 and 164: Figure 56. Land use map of the Mitc
Page 165 and 166: larger valleys of Hoodoo and Sellar
Page 167 and 168: solutes from subsurface sedimentary
Page 169 and 170: 3.2.10.2 Eight Mile valley near Ori
Page 171 and 172: Elevation (m) 180 160 140 120 100 8
Page 173 and 174: Figure 64. 1955 Aerial Photograph o
Page 175 and 176: pools like these are typically carv
Page 177 and 178: Figure 67. 1955 Aerial Photograph O
Page 179 and 180: Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
Page 181 and 182: have also been defined as valley-bo
Page 187 and 188: Eucalyptus leptophleba (Mollow Red
Page 189 and 190: to manage vegetation and game, or f
Page 191 and 192: Figure 77. 1955 aerial photograph o
Page 193 and 194: Overall pig populations are poorly
Page 195 and 196: area can be obtained from the Queen
Page 197 and 198: degradation. Genuine restoration op
Page 199 and 200: Section 4.1 contains models of inte
Page 201 and 202: Figure 80. Model of Oriners landsca
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4.1.3 Late dry season Two key diffe
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eshape the elements in the same way
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Evidence from Section 2.6.4 and 3.2
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Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
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Figure 92. Oblique air photos of Ho
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The primary contexts for learning k
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Despite data limitation, there is e
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Marcus Barber: If you were to think
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Regional scale Neighbouring Statio
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Cotter, G. (1995). A study of the p
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Kowanyama Aboriginal Council (2003)
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Smart, J., K. G. Grimes, et al. (19
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7 GLOSSARY 38 Alkaline- having the
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Fluvial Megafan- a large (10 3 -10
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Potential Energy- the stored energy
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8 APPENDICES 8.1 Informed Consent F
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8.3 Wildlife Animal Species List fo
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Birds Coraciidae Eurystomus orienta
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Reptiles Crocodylidae Crocodylus jo
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Dicots Fabaceae Crotalaria montana
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Dicots Myrtaceae Neofabricia serici
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Monocots Poaceae Eriachne sp. C Mon
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Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
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