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Cumbulla (C) Land System Alluvial plains in part actively forming and largely flooded in the wet season; texturecontrast soils; paperbark woodland (Figure 50; Figure 55; Galloway et al. 1970). Working Knowledge at Oriners Station, Cape York Dominant land system on low alluvial valleys. Land units 2, 3, and 6 (Figure 55) dominant along Eight Mile Creek and Alice River near Oriners] Geology: Quaternary Alluvium (Grimes and Doutch 1978; Grimes 1979; Smart, Grimes et al. 1980a; Smart, Grimes et al. 1980a; Smart, Grimes et al. 1980b) Soils (CYPLUS): Antbed (Ab) (Biggs and Philip 1995a; Biggs and Philip 1995b) . Soils (Atlas of Australian Soils): TM1 (Jackson 2004) (Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS) 1991). Figure 55. Cumbulla (C) land system. Alluvial plains in part actively forming and largely flooded in the wet season; texture-contrast soils; paperbark woodland (Galloway et al. 1970). 145
3.2.6 Soil erosion Soil erosion can take place through a variety of forms and processes and into a variety of regolith from solid rock to unconsolidated soil or alluvium. On Oriners and Sefton Stations, soil erosion is dominated by water erosion by direct rainfall and water runoff. Water erosion can be classified as: Splash Erosion of soil particles by direct rainfall impacts on exposed soil. Sheet Erosion of soil particles by shallow overland flow moving down slopes in broad sheets. Rill Erosion in small, ephemeral, concentrated channels on hillslopes usually parallel to the hillslope and < 30cm deep. Gully Erosion in deeper, ephemeral, unstable channels > 30cm deep. Channel Erosion of the banks or bed of pre-existing channels of small creeks to large rivers. The full distribution and magnitude of all of these water erosion processes in Oriners and Sefton Stations are unknown. However, examples are easy to find and all have been reported by reconnaissance surveys, with each type of erosion typically confined to specific location on the landscape (Galloway, Gunn et al. 1970; Biggs and Philip 1995a; Biggs and Philip 1995b) . For example, Galloway et al. (1970) noted that sheet erosion was widespread on the level plains, interfluves (shallow ridgelines), and hillslopes of the Balurga and Annaly land systems (Figure 51; Figure 54) where duricrusts and hardpans reduce rainfall infiltration and promote overland flow. In contrast, gully erosion is dominant on the side slopes of shallow valleys (Balurga; Figure 51), on the lower colluvial slopes of rock outcrops (Annaly; Figure 54), and along silty alluvium floodplains of major creeks and rivers (Cumbulla; Figure 55). Soil type and properties (texture, porosity, chemistry) can highly influence the potential for soil erosion. For example, silty soils along floodplains of creeks in this area typically have low cohesion (binding), making them prone to gully and channel erosion if the vegetation resistance is changed by land use (Shellberg 2011). Furthermore, many of the soils along floodplains and drainage channels are textural contrast or duplex soils that are alkaline at depth (TM1, Isbell et al. 1968, BRS 1991; Antbed, Ab and Hann, Hn, Biggs and Philip 1995a; 1995b). These soils usually have silty or loamy top soils that overlay clay loam subsoils. The alkaline (i.e., high pH) soils typically have high levels of exchangeable sodium on the cation exchange complexes of clay particles (hence the Sodic Sodosolic soil type), in contrast to other preferred cations like calcium, magnesium and potassium. Due to sodium‟s weak single bond and affinity for water, soils with high sodium levels easily disperse in the presence of water and are highly prone to gully erosion. Gully erosion will be addressed in more detail in Section 3.2.11, along with bank erosion in Section 3.2.10. 3.2.7 Catchment land use The traditional Indigenous land use of the Oriners and Sefton areas in both the past and present is highlighted throughout this document. On top of this traditional management template, a new system of European-style management to extract resources (grazing, mining etc.) was also initiated in the Mitchell catchment in the 1880s and has continued to various degrees until today (Cotter 1995; Strang 2001; Strang 2004; Shellberg 2011) . In the Alice River catchment around Oriners and,Sefton the recent past and contemporary land use was cattle grazing (both managed and wild herds) across forest country, savanna woodlands and unimproved grasslands (Cotter 1995; Strang 2001). These savanna vegetation communities(Neldner, Stanton et al. 1997; Crowley and Garnett 1998) are dynamic over space and time and are strongly controlled by disturbance regimes (fire, flood, grazing, erosion). These disturbance regimes have changed in the Oriners area following European settlement (Crowley and Garnett 1998; Crowley and Garnett 2000). During the long dry season, cattle grazing intensity and impacts are heavily concentrated along Working Knowledge at Oriners Station, Cape York 146
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T Working Knowledge: local ecologic
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ..........
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5 Working knowledge: Conclusions an
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Figure 29. Mitchell catchment in fl
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Figure 68. 2004 Aerial Photograph o
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project is the
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is a report
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space for a complementary study emp
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cattlemen and the Hughes family, th
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As a contrast and complement, it is
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of people residing there during the
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the area for one or two seasons, bu
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Fire Frequency: for the Oriners are
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Strang then describes the story of
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emembered linguistic associations.
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Mystical/spiritual Scientific Perso
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ut your children will probably get
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20 years, Cecil Hughes, the son of
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Robert Burns: I was walking around
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Corporation. 12 Viv Sinnamon provid
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The purchase process was a factor i
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Viv Sinnamon: Yeah, and when we had
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communities, Lockhardt [River] and
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1.7 Oriners and the contemporary re
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management of country are not new.
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The above points demonstrate the va
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about forest and think of something
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Marcus Barber: Is that where Kowany
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-----------------------------------
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comes along with that, and where th
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Ivan Jimmy‟s brother Wilfred made
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Indigenous Australians are renowned
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Colin Hughes followed up his though
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Ezra Michael: I never heard it. No.
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Marcus Barber: So every time you we
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Figure 20. Oriners Lagoon in flood
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Figure 23. Large Woody Debris (LWD)
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Figure 24. Jeff Shellberg talks wit
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Figure 27. Mitchell catchment in fl
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2.2.4 Permanent water and groundwat
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Marcus Barber: So do you know how d
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Marcus Barber: Does that happen at
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Marcus Barber: What animals do you
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people are using the lagoon. Becaus
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that old black headed python. You g
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Marcus Barber: I was trying to find
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Major introduced animals at Oriners
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Colin Hughes: Oh there‟s just a l
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There was never too many [wild hors
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Cecil Hughes: Yes, you never saw th
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And they had special fish traps her
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Philip Yam: 3 or 4 times. A few tim
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Conversations with Philip Yam about
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Marcus Barber: so you have to get f
Page 109 and 110: 2.5.4 Cattlemen: working connection
Page 111 and 112: Edwin David Most of the older build
Page 113 and 114: spirits being reborn in new generat
Page 115 and 116: Marcus Barber: Phillip‟s son Max?
Page 117 and 118: necessary at some of the times they
Page 119 and 120: Marcus Barber: If it was a really w
Page 121 and 122: hobble the horse and camp out there
Page 123 and 124: Marcus Barber: So you were moving a
Page 125 and 126: Marcus Barber: Was the grass still
Page 127 and 128: Philip Yam: Drumduff. We got blamed
Page 129 and 130: purpose of fires needs to be very c
Page 131 and 132: Marcus Barber: But it‟s been ther
Page 133 and 134: Figure 38. Oriners station from the
Page 135 and 136: and it traverses some areas prone t
Page 137 and 138: 2.7.1 Applying „Working Knowledge
Page 139 and 140: ochen (uy -) ojen (uy -) mujun (uy
Page 141 and 142: Oykangand Olkol Og Water ok Water o
Page 143 and 144: Other signs mark a broader seasonal
Page 145 and 146: The two comments from the Jimmy bro
Page 147 and 148: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm)_ 450
Page 149 and 150: demonstrated that cyclone landing f
Page 151 and 152: Figure 48. Geology of the catchment
Page 153 and 154: 3.2.4 Soils The soils of the “for
Page 155 and 156: Figure 49. Soils of Oriners and Sef
Page 157 and 158: Figure 52. RAAF oblique photograph
Page 159: Annaly (A) Land System Lowlands on
Page 163 and 164: Figure 56. Land use map of the Mitc
Page 165 and 166: larger valleys of Hoodoo and Sellar
Page 167 and 168: solutes from subsurface sedimentary
Page 169 and 170: 3.2.10.2 Eight Mile valley near Ori
Page 171 and 172: Elevation (m) 180 160 140 120 100 8
Page 173 and 174: Figure 64. 1955 Aerial Photograph o
Page 175 and 176: pools like these are typically carv
Page 177 and 178: Figure 67. 1955 Aerial Photograph O
Page 179 and 180: Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
Page 181 and 182: have also been defined as valley-bo
Page 187 and 188: Eucalyptus leptophleba (Mollow Red
Page 189 and 190: to manage vegetation and game, or f
Page 191 and 192: Figure 77. 1955 aerial photograph o
Page 193 and 194: Overall pig populations are poorly
Page 195 and 196: area can be obtained from the Queen
Page 197 and 198: degradation. Genuine restoration op
Page 199 and 200: Section 4.1 contains models of inte
Page 201 and 202: Figure 80. Model of Oriners landsca
Page 203 and 204: 4.1.3 Late dry season Two key diffe
Page 205 and 206: eshape the elements in the same way
Page 207 and 208: Evidence from Section 2.6.4 and 3.2
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Figure 92. Oblique air photos of Ho
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The primary contexts for learning k
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Despite data limitation, there is e
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Marcus Barber: If you were to think
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Regional scale Neighbouring Statio
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Cotter, G. (1995). A study of the p
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Kowanyama Aboriginal Council (2003)
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Smart, J., K. G. Grimes, et al. (19
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7 GLOSSARY 38 Alkaline- having the
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Fluvial Megafan- a large (10 3 -10
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Potential Energy- the stored energy
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8 APPENDICES 8.1 Informed Consent F
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8.3 Wildlife Animal Species List fo
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Birds Coraciidae Eurystomus orienta
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Reptiles Crocodylidae Crocodylus jo
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Dicots Fabaceae Crotalaria montana
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Dicots Myrtaceae Neofabricia serici
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Monocots Poaceae Eriachne sp. C Mon
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Working Knowledge at Oriners Statio
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