Download the report - The Healing Foundation

Recommendations

Info

SUMMARY • Participants (n=38) took part in an online survey comprising 6 social situation vignettes involving judgements about the consequences of anti-social behavior • Participants who were less well adjusted to their appearance (DAS24) were more sensitive to the behaviour of others and likely to be more hostile • The relationship between appearance-related adjustment and hostility was found to be mediated by social ranking and narcissism • The results indicate that interventions should focus on personally sensitive social situations (appearance-specific threats) rather than generic social skills when seeking to reduce hostility in people with appearance concerns. 156
RATIONALE Previous work in the field of visible differences has suggested the importance of hostility as an aspect of psycho-social adjustment (Moss, 1997), and the inclusion of the hostility measure in the pack of tests in the main study was based on this. Initial analysis of data from the crosssectional study confirmed potentially important relationships between adjustment to visible difference/disfigurement and feelings of hostility. The scientific literature on the relationship between feelings of hostility and people with difference in appearance is under-researched. Due to our initial findings and the lack of research in this area it was considered appropriate to attempt to investigate this relationship further. INTRODUCTION An examination of the recent psychological literature investigating appearance concern and hostility has presented a number of relevant psychological constructs that may be related to aggression/hostility in people with difference in their appearance. In summary, aggression is a likely outcome in people high in narcissism who are faced with threatening or challenging feedback in social situations (Kernis, Grannemann and Barclay, 1989). As narcissism is often related to, but not identical to, high self esteem alone, it is not sufficient for hostility to be demonstrated; it is also necessary to have a poor or low “other” esteem. According to this formulation, a feeling or sense of superiority could be a precursor to aggression or hostile behaviour (Baumeister, 1996). It is not yet clear the extent to which this is stable across all situations or whether it is only specific situations which might elicit hostile responses in people with a visibly different appearance (e.g. situations in which appearance is highlighted). Perceived social ranking (Gilbert et al, 2007) may also be important in this relationship. From this perspective, aggression and hostility may serve to protect a person’s perceived position in a social ranking system when this is under threat. It may be the case that narcissism and superiority are defence mechanisms functioning to protect a more hidden, core view of the self as weak, vulnerable, or damaged. Aggression and hostility are the manifestation of these defences in the face of threat to the self through challenges present in the environment (Moss, 1997). It is not difficult to see how this might occur in people with appearance concerns when in a situation in which appearance becomes highly salient. In order to investigate these possibilities the following study investigated reactions of people with differences in appearance to hypothetical situations measuring concepts such as self-esteem, adjustment to disfigurement and hostility. METHOD Participants Thirty-eight out of 146 potential participants completed the survey (a 26% response rate). Twenty-five email invitations were rejected, because email addresses were not recognised, 157
Page 1:
Identifying the psychosocial factor
Page 4 and 5:
Follow-on Studies: Emma Halliwell,
Page 6 and 7:
Warwick Site (Lead: Dr. Rodger Char
Page 8 and 9:
SECTION 3 Page OVERALL SYNTHESIS OF
Page 10 and 11:
Study 3 3.1 Response rates for resp
Page 13 and 14:
Introduction EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This
Page 15 and 16:
The Impact of Appearance-Related Di
Page 17:
Research Further investigation shou
Page 20 and 21:
Participants were recruited from ho
Page 23 and 24:
BACKGROUND & RATIONALE FOR THE RESE
Page 25 and 26:
The challenge of developing compreh
Page 27 and 28:
STAGE ONE (Inputs/Predisposing Fact
Page 29 and 30:
In order to address the first aim o
Page 31 and 32:
Role of the advisory panel in the r
Page 33:
credit is due to Anjte Lindenmeyer,
Page 36 and 37:
INTRODUCTION The largest part of th
Page 38 and 39:
South West (via the Bristol site) a
Page 40 and 41:
INPUTS/ PREDISPOSING FACTORS Age Ge
Page 42 and 43:
Appearance-related processing Valen
Page 44 and 45:
Anger/hostility The Refined Aggress
Page 46 and 47:
RESULTS Due to the size of the data
Page 48 and 49:
Figure 4.1(b) Comparative box-and-w
Page 50 and 51:
Table 4.2 Correlation of quantitati
Page 52 and 53:
Table 5.1(c) Frequency of number of
Page 54 and 55:
Table 6.1(a) Frequency and percenta
Page 56 and 57:
Table 7.1 summarises the degree of
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 7.1(a): Scores on the DAS 24
Page 60 and 61:
10.1 Appearance-related Social Anxi
Page 62 and 63:
HADS Anxiety, and the relative magn
Page 64 and 65:
10.4 Aggression When entering the v
Page 66 and 67:
elatively small but statistically s
Page 68 and 69:
11. Clinic Specific Data In order t
Page 70 and 71:
Table 11.3: Percentage of participa
Page 72 and 73:
anxiety was in the low to mild rang
Page 74 and 75:
Visibility and areas of concern The
Page 76 and 77:
affect and 46% for both anxiety and
Page 78 and 79:
likely they are to have difficultie
Page 80 and 81:
Information Attention Encoding/Stor
Page 82 and 83:
such as shame, were omitted. Where
Page 84 and 85:
RATIONALE In an attempt to offer pa
Page 86 and 87:
FINDINGS Theme I. Descriptive Accou
Page 88 and 89:
easts made her ‘flat chested’ a
Page 90 and 91:
confidence to other people’s reac
Page 92 and 93:
them noticing: ‘I try to hide my
Page 94 and 95:
5.) Time Structures What was striki
Page 97 and 98:
STUDY 3 LONGITUDINAL QUANTITATIVE S
Page 99 and 100:
Table 3.1 Response rates for respon
Page 101 and 102:
Table 3.4 Regression Model for DAS2
Page 103 and 104:
Table 3.6 Regression Model for Depr
Page 105 and 106:
Table 3.8 Regression Model for Posi
Page 107 and 108:
0.016), and optimism (r = -0.183, n
Page 109:
and follow up). However, focusing o
Page 112 and 113:
SUMMARY • Twenty-six participants
Page 114 and 115:
There were ten well adjusted stable
Page 116 and 117:
Stage 1 - predisposing factors - ch
Page 118 and 119: Appearance schema - beliefs about o
Page 120 and 121: “I’m in charge ...I think that
Page 122 and 123: “Only when people don’t underst
Page 124 and 125: appearance anxiety and coping with
Page 126 and 127: 114
Page 128 and 129: 116
Page 130 and 131: SUMMARY • This study aimed to exp
Page 132 and 133: A focus group methodology was chose
Page 134 and 135: any situation. Strategies involved
Page 136 and 137: CONCLUSIONS Whereas previous resear
Page 138 and 139: SUMMARY • Nine focus group interv
Page 140 and 141: RESULTS Eight key themes were ident
Page 142 and 143: 2e. Medical Interpretation There wa
Page 144 and 145: “I think I am nicer to a person w
Page 146 and 147: 6d. Generational differences Elders
Page 148 and 149: • The myths about the foetal diso
Page 150 and 151: SUMMARY • Vitiligo is a condition
Page 152 and 153: identified themselves as South Asia
Page 154 and 155: “…my parents would have been de
Page 156 and 157: 2a. Appearance shame and disgust Ma
Page 158 and 159: much…sometimes I just want to bec
Page 160 and 161: For respondents like AA (described
Page 162 and 163: study 6, that in addition to indivi
Page 164 and 165: AIMS The aims of this study were to
Page 166 and 167: 154
Page 170 and 171: leaving 82 invitations not responde
Page 172 and 173: The vignettes alternated between de
Page 174 and 175: 162
Page 176 and 177: SUMMARY • The study involved the
Page 178 and 179: METHOD Participants Student sample
Page 180 and 181: Clinic attendees On the anxiety sub
Page 182 and 183: 170
Page 184 and 185: SUMMARY • Semi-structured intervi
Page 186 and 187: Seven key themes were identified an
Page 188 and 189: “I've heard tell that a lot of pe
Page 190 and 191: 4. Physical adaptation From so smal
Page 192 and 193: 6. Emotional impact & Emotional sup
Page 194 and 195: 182
Page 196 and 197: SUMMARY • This study investigates
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.1 Demographic data by grou
Page 200 and 201: variance in anxious mood was accoun
Page 202 and 203: appearance of younger people (Harri
Page 204 and 205: SUMMARY • This study is recruitin
Page 206 and 207: METHOD Participants GPs from across
Page 208 and 209: 196
Page 210 and 211: The results of each study have been
Page 212 and 213: Others expressed dissatisfaction wi
Page 214 and 215: Age Gender Ethnicity Relationship s
Page 216 and 217: Whilst the main thrust of this rese
Page 218 and 219:
a strong evidence base in other are
Page 220 and 221:
Nurses in a counseling role, clinic
Page 222 and 223:
210
Page 224 and 225:
This series of studies represents t
Page 226 and 227:
214
Page 228 and 229:
Ben-Tovim, D.I. and Walker, M.K. (1
Page 230 and 231:
Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M.
Page 232 and 233:
Greenberg, L. S. and Safran, J. D.
Page 234 and 235:
Macgregor, F., Abel, T.M., Brut, A.
Page 236 and 237:
Pollard, L., Choy, E.H. and Scott,
Page 238 and 239:
Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S. and Bri
Page 240 and 241:
Wright, G.E., Parker, J.C., Smarr,
show all

Download the report - The Healing Foundation

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?