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A graphical display of the distribution of DAS24, HADS Anxiety, HADS Depression and
Aggression by gender is given in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1: DAS24, HADS Anxiety, HADS Depression and Aggression by gender
ANOVAs reveal that the scores for women are significantly higher (indicating more distress) on
the DAS24 (F(1, 1213) = 71.51, MSE = 247.64, p < .001, ), higher on anxiety (F(1,
1212) = 26.44, MSE = 20.79, p < .001, ) and negative affect (F(1, 1171) = 13.52,
MSE = 72.53, p = .165, ). Conversely, males scored higher than females on positive
affect (F(1, 1172) = 10.63, MSE = 77.80, p = .001, ). However, the effect sizes for all
significant differences are judged to be small, ranging from 0.011-0.056 (Table 5.1(a)).
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