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Table 4.2 Correlation of quantitative variables with outcome variables DAS24 Anxiety Depression Aggression Positive Negative N Affect Affect Optimism Female -.537 -.588 -.578 -.497 .473 -.531 832 Male -.543 -.597 -.569 -.417 .471 -.504 331 FNE Female .535 .521 .338 .380 -.340 .541 838 Male .587 .581 .448 .309 -.351 .611 346 Social acceptance Female -.613 -.460 -.510 -.280 .359 -.461 859 Male -.543 -.452 -.512 -.232 .342 -.453 350 Satisfaction with Social support Female -.432 -.369 -.455 -.324 .342 -.389 853 Male -.472 -.407 -.484 -.212 .271 -.361 349 Salience Female .473 .386 .207 .264 -.142 .336 857 Male .444 .287 .227 .217 -.141 .275 333 Valence Female .661 .422 .461 .290 -.402 .408 861 Male .580 .416 .472 .205 -.350 .426 335 Social comparison Female .305 .331 .160 .286 .151 .347 859 Male .268 .255 .074† .184 .007† .236 350 Appearance discrepancy Female .584 .334 .391 .203 -.265 .338 856 Male .488 .336 .373 .122 -.241 .315 352 5. Demographic Factors 5.1 Gender Table 5.1(a) summarises the age and gender frequencies for the whole study sample, with table 5.1(b) illustrating the means and standard deviations for the outcome variable by gender. Table 5.1(a) – Age and gender frequency for whole sample a Age Group Male Female Total N(%) 18-25 35 97 137(11) 26-35 42 169 216(18) 36-45 60 170 235(19) 46-55 61 158 226(18) 56-65 79 138 225(18) > 65 71 125 199(16) Total N(%) 354(28) 867(68.5) 1221 a 44 cases (3.5%). Missing data Table 5.1(b) Mean values for outcome variables by gender Variable Female Male N DAS24 44.95(16.18) 35.87(14.56) Anxiety 8.67(4.64) 6.97(4.37) Depression 5.16(3.78) 4.97(3.75) Aggression 25.07(9.42) 26.07(9.06) Positive Affect 31.02(8.92) 33.10(8.55) Negative Affect 20.70(8.82) 18.35(7.72) 38
A graphical display of the distribution of DAS24, HADS Anxiety, HADS Depression and Aggression by gender is given in Figure 5.1. Figure 5.1: DAS24, HADS Anxiety, HADS Depression and Aggression by gender ANOVAs reveal that the scores for women are significantly higher (indicating more distress) on the DAS24 (F(1, 1213) = 71.51, MSE = 247.64, p < .001, ), higher on anxiety (F(1, 1212) = 26.44, MSE = 20.79, p < .001, ) and negative affect (F(1, 1171) = 13.52, MSE = 72.53, p = .165, ). Conversely, males scored higher than females on positive affect (F(1, 1172) = 10.63, MSE = 77.80, p = .001, ). However, the effect sizes for all significant differences are judged to be small, ranging from 0.011-0.056 (Table 5.1(a)). 39
Page 1: Identifying the psychosocial factor
Page 4 and 5: Follow-on Studies: Emma Halliwell,
Page 6 and 7: Warwick Site (Lead: Dr. Rodger Char
Page 8 and 9: SECTION 3 Page OVERALL SYNTHESIS OF
Page 10 and 11: Study 3 3.1 Response rates for resp
Page 13 and 14: Introduction EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This
Page 15 and 16: The Impact of Appearance-Related Di
Page 17: Research Further investigation shou
Page 20 and 21: Participants were recruited from ho
Page 23 and 24: BACKGROUND & RATIONALE FOR THE RESE
Page 25 and 26: The challenge of developing compreh
Page 27 and 28: STAGE ONE (Inputs/Predisposing Fact
Page 29 and 30: In order to address the first aim o
Page 31 and 32: Role of the advisory panel in the r
Page 33: credit is due to Anjte Lindenmeyer,
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION The largest part of th
Page 38 and 39: South West (via the Bristol site) a
Page 40 and 41: INPUTS/ PREDISPOSING FACTORS Age Ge
Page 42 and 43: Appearance-related processing Valen
Page 44 and 45: Anger/hostility The Refined Aggress
Page 46 and 47: RESULTS Due to the size of the data
Page 48 and 49: Figure 4.1(b) Comparative box-and-w
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1(c) Frequency of number of
Page 54 and 55: Table 6.1(a) Frequency and percenta
Page 56 and 57: Table 7.1 summarises the degree of
Page 58 and 59: Figure 7.1(a): Scores on the DAS 24
Page 60 and 61: 10.1 Appearance-related Social Anxi
Page 62 and 63: HADS Anxiety, and the relative magn
Page 64 and 65: 10.4 Aggression When entering the v
Page 66 and 67: elatively small but statistically s
Page 68 and 69: 11. Clinic Specific Data In order t
Page 70 and 71: Table 11.3: Percentage of participa
Page 72 and 73: anxiety was in the low to mild rang
Page 74 and 75: Visibility and areas of concern The
Page 76 and 77: affect and 46% for both anxiety and
Page 78 and 79: likely they are to have difficultie
Page 80 and 81: Information Attention Encoding/Stor
Page 82 and 83: such as shame, were omitted. Where
Page 84 and 85: RATIONALE In an attempt to offer pa
Page 86 and 87: FINDINGS Theme I. Descriptive Accou
Page 88 and 89: easts made her ‘flat chested’ a
Page 90 and 91: confidence to other people’s reac
Page 92 and 93: them noticing: ‘I try to hide my
Page 94 and 95: 5.) Time Structures What was striki
Page 97 and 98: STUDY 3 LONGITUDINAL QUANTITATIVE S
Page 99 and 100: Table 3.1 Response rates for respon
Page 101 and 102:
Table 3.4 Regression Model for DAS2
Page 103 and 104:
Table 3.6 Regression Model for Depr
Page 105 and 106:
Table 3.8 Regression Model for Posi
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0.016), and optimism (r = -0.183, n
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and follow up). However, focusing o
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SUMMARY • Twenty-six participants
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There were ten well adjusted stable
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Stage 1 - predisposing factors - ch
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Appearance schema - beliefs about o
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“I’m in charge ...I think that
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“Only when people don’t underst
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appearance anxiety and coping with
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114
Page 128 and 129:
116
Page 130 and 131:
SUMMARY • This study aimed to exp
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A focus group methodology was chose
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any situation. Strategies involved
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CONCLUSIONS Whereas previous resear
Page 138 and 139:
SUMMARY • Nine focus group interv
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RESULTS Eight key themes were ident
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2e. Medical Interpretation There wa
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“I think I am nicer to a person w
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6d. Generational differences Elders
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• The myths about the foetal diso
Page 150 and 151:
SUMMARY • Vitiligo is a condition
Page 152 and 153:
identified themselves as South Asia
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“…my parents would have been de
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2a. Appearance shame and disgust Ma
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much…sometimes I just want to bec
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For respondents like AA (described
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study 6, that in addition to indivi
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AIMS The aims of this study were to
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154
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SUMMARY • Participants (n=38) too
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leaving 82 invitations not responde
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The vignettes alternated between de
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162
Page 176 and 177:
SUMMARY • The study involved the
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METHOD Participants Student sample
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Clinic attendees On the anxiety sub
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170
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SUMMARY • Semi-structured intervi
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Seven key themes were identified an
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“I've heard tell that a lot of pe
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4. Physical adaptation From so smal
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6. Emotional impact & Emotional sup
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182
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SUMMARY • This study investigates
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Table 12.1 Demographic data by grou
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variance in anxious mood was accoun
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appearance of younger people (Harri
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SUMMARY • This study is recruitin
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METHOD Participants GPs from across
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196
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The results of each study have been
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Others expressed dissatisfaction wi
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Age Gender Ethnicity Relationship s
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Whilst the main thrust of this rese
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a strong evidence base in other are
Page 220 and 221:
Nurses in a counseling role, clinic
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210
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This series of studies represents t
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214
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Ben-Tovim, D.I. and Walker, M.K. (1
Page 230 and 231:
Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M.
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Greenberg, L. S. and Safran, J. D.
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Macgregor, F., Abel, T.M., Brut, A.
Page 236 and 237:
Pollard, L., Choy, E.H. and Scott,
Page 238 and 239:
Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S. and Bri
Page 240 and 241:
Wright, G.E., Parker, J.C., Smarr,
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