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RATIONALE In an attempt to offer participants in Study 1 the opportunity to expand on their individual experiences, and in order to supplement responses to standardised measures with qualitative data, an open ended response question was included in participant packs. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse these open ended responses included in the baseline questionnaires. The major themes are outlined below and are elaborated in the section which follows. I. Falling Short of the Ideal • Oversized (weight issues, large nose, chin, feet) • Undersized (height, too small breasts, short legs) • Misshapen (body parts ‘misshapen’ or ‘odd’, or marked by scars, birth marks) • Feeling abnormal (skin conditions, very visible, disfiguring conditions) • Tone (dissatisfaction with body that is not taut, e.g. ‘saggy’ ‘droopy’) • Proportions (body out of proportion, e.g. upper/ lower body, breasts) • Smoothness (skin that is rough or ‘lumpy’, skin conditions, cellulite) • Outline (features that mar outline through bulge, ‘sticking out’) • Gender issues (feeling not manly or not womanly e.g. body hair) • Criticism of the ideal (pressure of matching up to ‘ideals’) II. Personal Meanings of Appearance 1.) Self and Appearance Disrupted selves • Hate and shame (strong negative emotions towards the body) • Troubled (unsure where strong emotions come from) • Different selves (feeling ones ‘real self’ is hidden) • Mourning for former selves • Complex responses Disrupted biographies (feeling that true purpose in life was thwarted) • Work (feeling that appearance prevented working at true level) • Relationships (less attractive; unlikely to find partner) • Pessimism (appearance prevents from reaching life goals overall) • Positive outcome (past difficulties resolved) Confidence Ageing and feeling old • Aged by appearance • Feeling one’s age 72
2.) Other People’s Responses Direct responses • Comments and staring • Bullying Responses from partners, family and friends • Positive responses • Dissonance (between respondent’s and family’s view) • Hurtful responses Misjudgements • ‘People judge’ • Unhealthy (looking ill or contagious) • Misunderstood (seen as something they were not) Internalised responses (concerned about possible responses from others) • Visibility (general concerns about visible conditions) • Self-conscious • Anticipated response (worry or acting in anticipation of responses) 3.) Coping with Appearance • Not important • Pragmatism (one has to accept; no use feeling sorry for oneself) • Acceptance (positive acceptance, ‘this is who I am’ • Hiding (strategies to hide features, seen positively) • Not coping (feeling negative; avoiding social situations) 4.) Practical Issues • Clothes/ Shoes/ Makeup • Pain and disability • Time spent on appearance 5.) Time Structures • Duration of Condition • Changes (fluctuating conditions, changes in life overall) • Milestones (significant time spans (e.g. schooldays) and events) The responses from the majority of respondents fell into several subcategories. They also mention more than one body part, emphasising that appearance-related dissatisfaction should not be assumed to relate to one feature or body part in isolation. Comments about weight issues were included in the analysis, insofar as participants either had at least one other appearance issue or attributed their weight to a medical condition (e.g. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, medication side effects). 73
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Identifying the psychosocial factor
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Follow-on Studies: Emma Halliwell,
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Warwick Site (Lead: Dr. Rodger Char
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SECTION 3 Page OVERALL SYNTHESIS OF
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Study 3 3.1 Response rates for resp
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Introduction EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This
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The Impact of Appearance-Related Di
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Research Further investigation shou
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Participants were recruited from ho
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BACKGROUND & RATIONALE FOR THE RESE
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The challenge of developing compreh
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STAGE ONE (Inputs/Predisposing Fact
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In order to address the first aim o
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Role of the advisory panel in the r
Page 33: credit is due to Anjte Lindenmeyer,
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION The largest part of th
Page 38 and 39: South West (via the Bristol site) a
Page 40 and 41: INPUTS/ PREDISPOSING FACTORS Age Ge
Page 42 and 43: Appearance-related processing Valen
Page 44 and 45: Anger/hostility The Refined Aggress
Page 46 and 47: RESULTS Due to the size of the data
Page 48 and 49: Figure 4.1(b) Comparative box-and-w
Page 50 and 51: Table 4.2 Correlation of quantitati
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1(c) Frequency of number of
Page 54 and 55: Table 6.1(a) Frequency and percenta
Page 56 and 57: Table 7.1 summarises the degree of
Page 58 and 59: Figure 7.1(a): Scores on the DAS 24
Page 60 and 61: 10.1 Appearance-related Social Anxi
Page 62 and 63: HADS Anxiety, and the relative magn
Page 64 and 65: 10.4 Aggression When entering the v
Page 66 and 67: elatively small but statistically s
Page 68 and 69: 11. Clinic Specific Data In order t
Page 70 and 71: Table 11.3: Percentage of participa
Page 72 and 73: anxiety was in the low to mild rang
Page 74 and 75: Visibility and areas of concern The
Page 76 and 77: affect and 46% for both anxiety and
Page 78 and 79: likely they are to have difficultie
Page 80 and 81: Information Attention Encoding/Stor
Page 82 and 83: such as shame, were omitted. Where
Page 86 and 87: FINDINGS Theme I. Descriptive Accou
Page 88 and 89: easts made her ‘flat chested’ a
Page 90 and 91: confidence to other people’s reac
Page 92 and 93: them noticing: ‘I try to hide my
Page 94 and 95: 5.) Time Structures What was striki
Page 97 and 98: STUDY 3 LONGITUDINAL QUANTITATIVE S
Page 99 and 100: Table 3.1 Response rates for respon
Page 101 and 102: Table 3.4 Regression Model for DAS2
Page 103 and 104: Table 3.6 Regression Model for Depr
Page 105 and 106: Table 3.8 Regression Model for Posi
Page 107 and 108: 0.016), and optimism (r = -0.183, n
Page 109: and follow up). However, focusing o
Page 112 and 113: SUMMARY • Twenty-six participants
Page 114 and 115: There were ten well adjusted stable
Page 116 and 117: Stage 1 - predisposing factors - ch
Page 118 and 119: Appearance schema - beliefs about o
Page 120 and 121: “I’m in charge ...I think that
Page 122 and 123: “Only when people don’t underst
Page 124 and 125: appearance anxiety and coping with
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Page 128 and 129: 116
Page 130 and 131: SUMMARY • This study aimed to exp
Page 132 and 133: A focus group methodology was chose
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any situation. Strategies involved
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CONCLUSIONS Whereas previous resear
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SUMMARY • Nine focus group interv
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RESULTS Eight key themes were ident
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2e. Medical Interpretation There wa
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“I think I am nicer to a person w
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6d. Generational differences Elders
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• The myths about the foetal diso
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SUMMARY • Vitiligo is a condition
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identified themselves as South Asia
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“…my parents would have been de
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2a. Appearance shame and disgust Ma
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much…sometimes I just want to bec
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For respondents like AA (described
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study 6, that in addition to indivi
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AIMS The aims of this study were to
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154
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SUMMARY • Participants (n=38) too
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leaving 82 invitations not responde
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The vignettes alternated between de
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162
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SUMMARY • The study involved the
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METHOD Participants Student sample
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Clinic attendees On the anxiety sub
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170
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SUMMARY • Semi-structured intervi
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Seven key themes were identified an
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“I've heard tell that a lot of pe
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4. Physical adaptation From so smal
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6. Emotional impact & Emotional sup
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182
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SUMMARY • This study investigates
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Table 12.1 Demographic data by grou
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variance in anxious mood was accoun
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appearance of younger people (Harri
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SUMMARY • This study is recruitin
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METHOD Participants GPs from across
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196
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The results of each study have been
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Others expressed dissatisfaction wi
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Age Gender Ethnicity Relationship s
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Whilst the main thrust of this rese
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a strong evidence base in other are
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Nurses in a counseling role, clinic
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210
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This series of studies represents t
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Ben-Tovim, D.I. and Walker, M.K. (1
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Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M.
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Greenberg, L. S. and Safran, J. D.
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Macgregor, F., Abel, T.M., Brut, A.
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Pollard, L., Choy, E.H. and Scott,
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Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S. and Bri
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Wright, G.E., Parker, J.C., Smarr,
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