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Table 6.1(a) Frequency and percentage reporting area of concern
Visible Area N % Non visible Area N %
Eyes 193 15.3 Abdomen 341 27.0
Nose 172 13.6 Thighs 281 22.2
Cheeks 138 10.9 Breasts 247 19.5
Mouth 133 10.5 Lower Legs 236 18.7
Hands 156 12.3 Upper Arms 213 16.8
Forehead 105 8.3 Buttocks 176 13.9
Ears 81 6.4 Feet 175 13.8
Neck 143 11.3
Knees 139 11.0
Hips 125 9.9
Scalp 115 9.1
Back 114 9.0
Forearms 112 8.9
Chest 110 8.7
Shoulder 72 5.7
Genitalia 60 4.7
6.2 Visibility of main area of concern
Using the one area participants indicated as being their main concern only, 590 of the
participants were classed for subsequent analyses as having an area of concern normally
visible to others and the remaining 671 classed as having concerns less often visible to others.
The means and standard deviations for scores on the outcome measures are presented for
those with ‘visible’ and ‘non visible’ areas of concern in Table 6.2(a).
Table 6.2(a) Means and standard deviations for visible and non visible areas on outcome measures
Visible N DAS24 Anxiety Depression Aggression Positive Negative
Affect Affect
Yes 590 44.24(15.66) 8.79(4.66) 5.48(3.83) 26.20(9.42) 30.91(8.91) 21.14(8.78)
No 671 40.63(16.51) 7.68(4.55) 4.76(3.68) 24.62(9.25) 32.17(8.75) 19.22(8.36)
Mean levels on DAS 24 are significantly higher on average amongst those with a visible
concern (F(1, 1209) = 20.598, p < .001), but the effect is small (partial eta squared = 0.017).
Mean HADS Anxiety is significantly higher amongst those with a visible concern than those
without (p < .001), as is mean depression (p < .001), mean aggression (p = .014), and mean
negative affect (p < .001). Mean positive affect is significantly lower amongst those with a
visible concern (p = 0.013). (Table 6.2(a)).
6.3 Numbers of area of concern
Table 6.3(a) reports the percentage of participants reporting one or multiple areas of concern.
Means and standard deviations by outcome variable are shown in table 6.3(b), and the means
and 95% confidence intervals for the DAS are illustrated in Figure 6.1.
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