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INPUTS/ PREDISPOSING FACTORS Age Gender Ethnicity Visibility to others Living Status Cause Treatment Figure 3: Operationalising the Framework – Choosing appropriate measures. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: INTERVENING COGNITIVE PROCESSES Dispositional Style (LOT-R) Socio-cognitive Factors Perceptions of Social Support Perceptions of Social Acceptance Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) Appearance schema: Appearance – Related Processing Salience (CARSAL) Valence (CARVAL) Disguisability Self / Ideal Discrepancy (PADQ) Social Comparison (INCOMM) OUTCOMES Social Anxiety / Social Avoidance (DAS) Aggression/ Hostility (RAQ) Wellbeing (HADS) Mood (PANAS) Demographics Participants were asked to indicate their postcode, age, gender, family status/living arrangements, nationality and ethnicity. Participants were also presented with two open ended questions at the close of the questionnaire. The first asked for feedback about the questionnaire pack and the second asked if the respondent had any general comments about the way their appearance does/does not affect their life positively or negatively (see Study 2). Cause Participants were asked to select a cause of the main difference in appearance from a list of 11 options (including ‘other’ with room to specify). Treatment information Participants were asked to state whether they had received treatment to change their appearance and if so, the earliest and latest dates these treatments were received. They were also asked to state if they were awaiting any treatments. Area of appearance concern Participants indicated their area of concern by ticking on a checklist the parts of their body about which they were most sensitive. These were later classified into the broad headings of visible to others/difficult to disguise (face, hands, neck, head) and non-visible (easier to disguise). 28
INTERVENING COGNITIVE PROCESSES: Dispositional style Optimism To assess levels of optimism a shortened four item version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R; Scheier, Carver & Bidges, 1994) was utilized. Responses were on a five point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strong disagree). Total scale score range from 4-20 with higher scores indicating a more optimistic outlook. The scale is designed to be viewed as a measuring a continuum, with no "cut-offs" for optimism or pessimism. Scheier, Carver and Bridges (1994) demonstrate adequate internal consistency (alpha=0.78) and test-retest reliability that indicates stability over time (r=0.68 at 4 months, r=0.60 at 12 months, r=0.56 at 24 months, r=0.79 at 28 months). Socio-cognitive factors Social networks The scale utilized is a shortened four item version of the Short Form Social Support Questionnaire (Sarason, Levine, Basham & Sarason, 1983). The quantity responses were considered primers and were not included in the analysis. Quality ratings ranged from 1 (very satisfied) to 6 (very dissatisfied), scores ranged from 4-24, with higher scores representing greater satisfaction with one’s social network. The authors cite that the scale showed good test retest reliability, with a 4-week retest yielding 0.83 coefficient and good internal reliability (alpha coefficient=0.97). Feelings of acceptance To assess feelings of social acceptance two items with a seven point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 7 (completely), assessed the extent to which the respondent felt accepted by their social group and society in general. Total scores range from 2-14, with higher scores indicating higher levels of acceptance. Fears of negative evaluation The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) scale (Leary 1983) examines whether concern about other people’s opinions regarding oneself is a characteristic of the individual. 12 items are presented and participants asked to score each statement from 1 (Not at all characteristic of me) to 5 (Extremely characteristic of me). Scores range from 12-60 with high scores indicating a greater fear of negative evaluation. The authors cite adequate psychometric properties, with high levels of internal consistency (alpha=0.90), a 4-week test retest reliability with a student population yielding a 0.75 reliability coefficient and acceptable levels of construct validity. 29
Page 1: Identifying the psychosocial factor
Page 4 and 5: Follow-on Studies: Emma Halliwell,
Page 6 and 7: Warwick Site (Lead: Dr. Rodger Char
Page 8 and 9: SECTION 3 Page OVERALL SYNTHESIS OF
Page 10 and 11: Study 3 3.1 Response rates for resp
Page 13 and 14: Introduction EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This
Page 15 and 16: The Impact of Appearance-Related Di
Page 17: Research Further investigation shou
Page 20 and 21: Participants were recruited from ho
Page 23 and 24: BACKGROUND & RATIONALE FOR THE RESE
Page 25 and 26: The challenge of developing compreh
Page 27 and 28: STAGE ONE (Inputs/Predisposing Fact
Page 29 and 30: In order to address the first aim o
Page 31 and 32: Role of the advisory panel in the r
Page 33: credit is due to Anjte Lindenmeyer,
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION The largest part of th
Page 38 and 39: South West (via the Bristol site) a
Page 42 and 43: Appearance-related processing Valen
Page 44 and 45: Anger/hostility The Refined Aggress
Page 46 and 47: RESULTS Due to the size of the data
Page 48 and 49: Figure 4.1(b) Comparative box-and-w
Page 50 and 51: Table 4.2 Correlation of quantitati
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1(c) Frequency of number of
Page 54 and 55: Table 6.1(a) Frequency and percenta
Page 56 and 57: Table 7.1 summarises the degree of
Page 58 and 59: Figure 7.1(a): Scores on the DAS 24
Page 60 and 61: 10.1 Appearance-related Social Anxi
Page 62 and 63: HADS Anxiety, and the relative magn
Page 64 and 65: 10.4 Aggression When entering the v
Page 66 and 67: elatively small but statistically s
Page 68 and 69: 11. Clinic Specific Data In order t
Page 70 and 71: Table 11.3: Percentage of participa
Page 72 and 73: anxiety was in the low to mild rang
Page 74 and 75: Visibility and areas of concern The
Page 76 and 77: affect and 46% for both anxiety and
Page 78 and 79: likely they are to have difficultie
Page 80 and 81: Information Attention Encoding/Stor
Page 82 and 83: such as shame, were omitted. Where
Page 84 and 85: RATIONALE In an attempt to offer pa
Page 86 and 87: FINDINGS Theme I. Descriptive Accou
Page 88 and 89: easts made her ‘flat chested’ a
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confidence to other people’s reac
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them noticing: ‘I try to hide my
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5.) Time Structures What was striki
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STUDY 3 LONGITUDINAL QUANTITATIVE S
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Table 3.1 Response rates for respon
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Table 3.4 Regression Model for DAS2
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Table 3.6 Regression Model for Depr
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Table 3.8 Regression Model for Posi
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0.016), and optimism (r = -0.183, n
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and follow up). However, focusing o
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SUMMARY • Twenty-six participants
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There were ten well adjusted stable
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Stage 1 - predisposing factors - ch
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Appearance schema - beliefs about o
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“I’m in charge ...I think that
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“Only when people don’t underst
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appearance anxiety and coping with
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114
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116
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SUMMARY • This study aimed to exp
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A focus group methodology was chose
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any situation. Strategies involved
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CONCLUSIONS Whereas previous resear
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SUMMARY • Nine focus group interv
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RESULTS Eight key themes were ident
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2e. Medical Interpretation There wa
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“I think I am nicer to a person w
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6d. Generational differences Elders
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• The myths about the foetal diso
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SUMMARY • Vitiligo is a condition
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identified themselves as South Asia
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“…my parents would have been de
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2a. Appearance shame and disgust Ma
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much…sometimes I just want to bec
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For respondents like AA (described
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study 6, that in addition to indivi
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AIMS The aims of this study were to
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154
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SUMMARY • Participants (n=38) too
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leaving 82 invitations not responde
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The vignettes alternated between de
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162
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SUMMARY • The study involved the
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METHOD Participants Student sample
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Clinic attendees On the anxiety sub
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170
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SUMMARY • Semi-structured intervi
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Seven key themes were identified an
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“I've heard tell that a lot of pe
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4. Physical adaptation From so smal
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6. Emotional impact & Emotional sup
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182
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SUMMARY • This study investigates
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Table 12.1 Demographic data by grou
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variance in anxious mood was accoun
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appearance of younger people (Harri
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SUMMARY • This study is recruitin
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METHOD Participants GPs from across
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196
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The results of each study have been
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Others expressed dissatisfaction wi
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Age Gender Ethnicity Relationship s
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Whilst the main thrust of this rese
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a strong evidence base in other are
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Nurses in a counseling role, clinic
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210
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This series of studies represents t
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Ben-Tovim, D.I. and Walker, M.K. (1
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Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M.
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Greenberg, L. S. and Safran, J. D.
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Macgregor, F., Abel, T.M., Brut, A.
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Pollard, L., Choy, E.H. and Scott,
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Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S. and Bri
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Wright, G.E., Parker, J.C., Smarr,
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