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Morphophonology: see Morphology Multilingualism: see Bilingualism and multilingualism Natural language processing: see Artificial intelligence Natural generative phonology: see Generative phonology Natural phonology: see Generative phonology Naturalness: see Text linguistics Neogrammarians: see Historical linguistics Neurolinguistics: see Language pathology and neurolinguistics Non-linear phonology: see Generative phonology Origin of language Orthography: see Writing systems Philology: see Historical linguistics Philosophy of language Phonemics Physiological phonetics: see Articulatory phonetics Pidgins: see Creoles and pidgins Port-Royal grammar (Post-)Bloomfieldian American structural grammar Pragmatics Prosodic phonology Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics of bilingualism: see Bilingualism and multilingualism Rationalist linguistics Relational network grammar: see Stratificational syntax Rhetoric Sanskrit: see Historical linguistics Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: see Mentalist linguistics Scale and Category Grammar Scripts: see Writing systems Semantics Semiotics Sense relations: see Semantics Set theory Sign language Societal bilingualism: see bilingualism and multilingualism Sociolinguistics Speech-act theory Speech processing: see Artificial intelligence Speech therapy Stratificational theory: see Stratificational syntax Stratificational syntax
Page 2 and 3: The LINGUISTICS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Page 4 and 5: Atlas of the World’s Languages Ch
Page 6 and 7: First published 1991 by Routledge 1
Page 9: Contents List of subjects x Preface
Page 12 and 13: British Sign Language (BSL): see Si
Page 14 and 15: Generative rhetoric: see Rhetoric G
Page 18 and 19: Structuralist linguistics Stylistic
Page 20: According to some, language is lite
Page 24 and 25: The contributors Tsutomu Akamatsu s
Page 26 and 27: Champaign, USA. He contributed the
Page 28 and 29: Acknowledgements The great majority
Page 30 and 31: Acoustic phonetics Acoustic phoneti
Page 32 and 33: A-Z 3 amplitude of x, y, and z, res
Page 34 and 35: A-Z 5 Figure 6 (a) A line spectrum
Page 36 and 37: A-Z 7 the very front as well. The v
Page 38 and 39: A-Z 9 Figure 10 A formant chart sho
Page 40 and 41: A-Z 11 a spectrogram. A normal spec
Page 42 and 43: Animals and language Linguists’ i
Page 44 and 45: A-Z 15 colour of their underside wh
Page 46 and 47: A-Z 17 least in the field of animal
Page 48 and 49: A-Z 19 vocabulary of around 130 ter
Page 50 and 51: Aphasia Aphasia is the loss of norm
Page 52 and 53: A-Z 23 the following syndromes is f
Page 54 and 55: A-Z 25 CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS), ey
Page 56 and 57: Articulatory phonetics Articulatory
Page 58 and 59: A-Z 29 such a way that the egressiv
Page 60 and 61: A-Z 31 recognition is implied in ph
Page 62 and 63: A-Z 33 Use of the cardinal vowel sy
Page 64 and 65: A-Z 35 Consonants may also be class
Page 66 and 67:
Artificial Intelligence ARTIFICIAL
Page 68 and 69:
A-Z 39 natural language. Trying to
Page 70 and 71:
A-Z 41 It was rapidly found that th
Page 72 and 73:
A-Z 43 generate well-formed output
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A-Z 45 N-place relations can be rec
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A-Z 47 offered as a useful tool for
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A-Z 49 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READ
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A-Z 51 not only be universal, but w
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A-Z 53 While many Esperantists feel
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A-Z 55 And since a number of natura
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A-Z 57 the present discussion, but
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A-Z 59 This finding gave rise to on
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A-Z 61 tasks to be performed with t
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A-Z 63 Attempts to relate an acoust
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A-Z 65 traversed, and actions perfo
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A-Z 67 The system can be made to co
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A-Z 69 11 ASSEMBLE NOUN PHRASE SEND
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we have the more complex A-Z 71 and
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A-Z 73 required length of time, and
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A-Z 75 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READ
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A-Z 77 finding herself or himself i
Page 108 and 109:
A-Z 79 after a period of mixing up
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A-Z 81 MIXING Bilinguals often enga
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A-Z 83 The analysis of the speech o
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A-Z 85 official language in so far
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A-Z 87 English bears little resembl
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The most important variables here i
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A-Z 91 d. I paid Harry five dollars
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Categorial grammar The term categor
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course, but also possibly containin
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A-Z 97 Corpora At its most general,
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A-Z 99 of English obviously have un
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A-Z 101 applications. Technical ava
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A-Z 103 investigated had been (for
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A-Z 105 being used experimentally i
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Creoles and pidgins GENERAL INTRODU
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A-Z 109 economically, and/or politi
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A-Z 111 Pidgins and creoles tend to
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A-Z 113 polygenesis (multiple origi
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A-Z 115 creolization process: (1) m
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A-Z 117 speakers to acquire the sta
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A-Z 119 To say that critical lingui
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A-Z 121 mode of materialization and
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Dialectology INTRODUCTION Dialectol
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A-Z 125 Yorkshire dialect / / would
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A-Z 127 commenced before this time
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A-Z 129 educational policies—thos
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A-Z 131 Ferguson’s words, ‘an a
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Science Research Council between Se
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period lesson topic A-Z 135 transac
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Exchange type Boundary Elicit Table
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A-Z 139 move occurs. Keenan and Sch
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without being heard as interruption
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A-Z 143 construction functions as a
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Distinctive features INTRODUCTION D
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A-Z 147 /d/, but which in final pos
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A-Z 149 Redundancy also applies in
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(palatalized v. non-palatalized) na
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Dyslexia The Greek term dys-lexia m
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A-Z 155 dyslexia lies in the normal
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A-Z 157 amnesia visualis verbalis,
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A-Z 159 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER REA
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A-Z 161 from the pen of linguists w
Page 192 and 193:
A-Z 163 language, which will prompt
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With a basic idea of the morphology
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A-Z 167 In the early stages this wi
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etc. Each state through which he pa
Page 200 and 201:
Formal logic and modal logic INTROD
Page 202 and 203:
A-Z 173 The two descriptions of log
Page 204 and 205:
A-Z 175 t f f f t f f t t f t t f f
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Someone is brave, can be paraphrase
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it follows that: There is a variety
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A-Z 181 Useful introductions to ten
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The interest of the theory lies in
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or false, and this is exploited in
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A-Z 187 As a first step, we can see
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A-Z 189 between moments ‘
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(Moravcsik, 1980, p. 11). It begins
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It was an Easter egg that Tomas gav
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A-Z 195 (i) It specifies time refer
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Functional phonology By functional
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A-Z 199 not only contrastively but
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A-Z 201 On the basis of this commut
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A-Z 203 phonologically valid in the
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Functional unification grammar Func
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A-Z 207 Unification refers to an op
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He likes (−) writing books He lik
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A-Z 211 sections of a functional un
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Functionalist linguistics Functiona
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A-Z 215 described half a century ag
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A-Z 217 By register is meant that c
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formulated in mathematical terms: I
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We can add more rules to the syntax
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A-Z 223 INTRODUCTION Generative pho
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A-Z 225 Cycle 2 [1 2] − Cycle 3 [
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A-Z 227 phonologists was that phono
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING Cho
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A-Z 231 the application of the fami
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A-Z 233 encoded into syntactic stru
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A-Z 235 programme of attempting to
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A-Z 237 called a genre. In practice
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(iii) justifying the research The o
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A-Z 241 comprehension difficulties
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Glossematics INTRODUCTION Glossemat
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A-Z 245 basis of language typology.
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A-Z 247 an expression form and a co
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second, and the second over the thi
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A-Z 251 dimensional array, /p t k/
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A-Z 253 Historical linguistics INTR
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A-Z 255 SANSKRIT The first known re
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A-Z 257 became the first law in lin
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A-Z 259 Sanskrit çata Germanic hun
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A-Z 261 linguist attempts to classi
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PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE REGULARITY OF S
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A-Z 265 The treatment of [a] in the
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The loss of a word-medial vowel, or
Page 298 and 299:
A phoneme may also split into multi
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An upward pressure was also exerted
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A-Z 273 DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGE CHANG
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A-Z 275 Singular Plural Nominative
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1 cantō chant(e) 2 cantas chantes
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A-Z 279 Morphological differentiati
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A-Z 281 English Latin dilapidated l
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A-Z 283 kind of reconditioning: Lat
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A-Z 285 [k] in both cases before th
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[ ] noche [ ] ocho [ ] dicho ‘nig
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A-Z 289 languages, their migratory
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A-Z 291 Language families indigenou
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A-Z 293 (Alaska, western Canada and
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A-Z 295 Alternatively, parentheses
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A-Z 297 1971), presented a great ad
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A-Z 299 It is sometimes assumed tha
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A-Z 301 hoc method must be used by
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A-Z 303 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER READ
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A-Z 305 knowledge might limit the n
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A-Z 307 (b) Much shrapnel did not h
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pronominalization transformation th
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Intonation Intonation is the term c
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A-Z 313 that have been postulated t
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entity; it is rather one of the mea
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A-Z 317 Within each of the options,
Page 348 and 349:
Kinesics Kinesics is the technical
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A-Z 321 gestures which realise inte
Page 352 and 353:
A-Z 323 as scientifically valid. En
Page 354 and 355:
A-Z 325 Performance factors include
Page 356 and 357:
A-Z 327 is wider in relation to its
Page 358 and 359:
Pivotclass word Table 1 A pivot gra
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A-Z 331 Braine (1976) argues that c
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A-Z 333 years old, and she showed t
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stage 3: stage 4: A-Z 335 Use of do
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A-Z 337 Halliday’s phase I, the f
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Language and education There is no
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A-Z 341 Such a view invites change
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A-Z 343 the children later on; in s
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Language and gender In this entry,
Page 376 and 377:
A-Z 347 independent dimensions, the
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A-Z 349 for the study of Latin. The
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Language pathology and neurolinguis
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A-Z 353 integrated system of lingui
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A-Z 355 If we now pass quickly over
Page 386 and 387:
A-Z 357 cannot be expressed in spee
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A-Z 359 studies where there has bee
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A-Z 361 each informant. The resulti
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A-Z 363 focus has been on synchroni
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
A-Z 367 chúng tôi bằt đầu l
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A-Z 369 (1966b) universals (see LAN
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A-Z 371 Another powerful demonstrat
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Language universals INTRODUCTION Th
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A-Z 375 grammatical analysis, but i
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7 If, in a language with dominant S
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A-Z 379 42 All languages have prono
Page 410 and 411:
A-Z 381 example, it is known that i
Page 412 and 413:
A-Z 383 In attributing psychologica
Page 414 and 415:
A-Z 385 principle of direct syntact
Page 416 and 417:
Figure 1 A-Z 387 that a girl is the
Page 418 and 419:
should be assigned elsewhere. Each
Page 420 and 421:
Figure 3 A-Z 391 dicates, as presen
Page 422 and 423:
‘machine x’ ‘shore’ bank/'b
Page 424 and 425:
A-Z 395 a space between the parts o
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A-Z 397 2 Information of the same t
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one-one lexical mapping; the second
Page 430 and 431:
Lexis and lexicology INTRODUCTION T
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A-Z 403 RELATIONS BETWEEN ITEMS Fie
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A-Z 405 with the conceptual or idea
Page 436 and 437:
A-Z 407 Sinclair (1966) addressed s
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A-Z 409 LEXIS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSI
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1 Certainty / w/: he comes, 2 Rumou
Page 442 and 443:
A-Z 413 people think and about what
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Metaphor Eco (1984, p. 87) insists
Page 446 and 447:
A-Z 417 comparison view, according
Page 448 and 449:
A-Z 419 Presumably, a child learns
Page 450 and 451:
A-Z 421 expressions which refer to
Page 452 and 453:
In theories where the word is an im
Page 454 and 455:
A-Z 425 we talk of the phoneme /l/
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A-Z 427 INFLECTION Bloomfield (1933
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A-Z 429 COMPOSITION (COMPOUNDING) M
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A-Z 431 MORPHOPHONOLOGY (OR MORPHON
Page 462 and 463:
A-Z 433 WP avoids the morphophonolo
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
A-Z 437 languages, but only a small
Page 468 and 469:
A-Z 439 vegetative functions as res
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A-Z 441 You can easily perform the
Page 472 and 473:
Philosophy of language INTRODUCTION
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A-Z 445 tree and shrub at his finge
Page 476 and 477:
A-Z 447 which is handy, since we ca
Page 478 and 479:
whole sentence is its truth value,
Page 480 and 481:
A-Z 451 however, conceptually compl
Page 482 and 483:
A-Z 453 Such proposals are open to
Page 484 and 485:
A-Z 455 their own utterances a good
Page 486 and 487:
Phonemics Phonemics is the study of
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A-Z 459 word-initial position. Alth
Page 490 and 491:
A-Z 461 the axiomatic principle, be
Page 492 and 493:
A-Z 463 between two phonemes, and t
Page 494 and 495:
Port-Royal grammar THE EDITIONS OF
Page 496 and 497:
A-Z 467 succession ‘nouns, substa
Page 498 and 499:
A-Z 469 conceive, but nearly always
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A-Z 471 and death are within the po
Page 502 and 503:
A-Z 473 (Post-)Bloomfieldian Americ
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A-Z 475 Although the correspondence
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A-Z 477 OR Natural-language users o
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More specifically: A-Z 479 1 Avoid
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‘Maximize (other things being equ
Page 512 and 513:
A-Z 483 expense of syntagmatic rela
Page 514 and 515:
Given a few Turkish words as exampl
Page 516 and 517:
A-Z 487 Psycholinguistics is a disc
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A-Z 489 discourse record, an intern
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1 Content words tend to exchange wi
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A-Z 493 other people’s overt spee
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A-Z 495 In logogen theory, each ent
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(b) The horse raced past the barn f
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(8) The painting pleased John and t
Page 530 and 531:
A-Z 501 As it takes longer to read
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
A-Z 505 A theory of linguistic stru
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A-Z 507 2 The onset of language cor
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A-Z 509 Chomsky, N. (1966), Cartesi
Page 540 and 541:
A-Z 511 conclusions. A five-part sp
Page 542 and 543:
A-Z 513 Payne (1969) for a number o
Page 544 and 545:
A-Z 515 CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC The di
Page 546 and 547:
A-Z 517 be handled in a consistent
Page 548 and 549:
A-Z 519 problem, Halliday allows fo
Page 550 and 551:
A-Z 521 some elements of group stru
Page 552 and 553:
therefore, fall under semiotics, th
Page 554 and 555:
True binary antonyms such as the on
Page 556 and 557:
These, and the gradable binary anto
Page 558 and 559:
x is a kind of y A-Z 529 There is a
Page 560 and 561:
(15) This is my husband (16) This i
Page 562 and 563:
could, in principle, be given any n
Page 564 and 565:
Figure 1 A-Z 535 analysis as a theo
Page 566 and 567:
A-Z 537 The stripped bark of the tr
Page 568 and 569:
Set theory SETS Set theory is a bra
Page 570 and 571:
The power set of a set S is a set w
Page 572 and 573:
A-Z 543 to its range or co-domain:
Page 574 and 575:
Sign language INTRODUCTION By sign
Page 576 and 577:
similar schools in the 1850s reache
Page 578 and 579:
among the first acquired by deaf ch
Page 580 and 581:
Susceptative/friquentative ‘easil
Page 582 and 583:
A-Z 553 carelessness, lack of atten
Page 584 and 585:
A-Z 555 The signing space forms an
Page 586 and 587:
A-Z 557 Kyle, J.G. and Woll, B. (19
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
A-Z 561 If any of these criteria is
Page 592 and 593:
A-Z 563 numerous, Austin hoped that
Page 594 and 595:
A-Z 565 years in Papua New Guinea,
Page 596 and 597:
A-Z 567 warn, greet and congratulat
Page 598 and 599:
Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: to
Page 600 and 601:
Speech therapy DEFINITION Speech th
Page 602 and 603:
A-Z 573 PLACES OF WORK In 1986 ther
Page 604 and 605:
A-Z 575 drawn. Many stammerers expe
Page 606 and 607:
A-Z 577 these children, however, it
Page 608 and 609:
Stratificational syntax STRATIFICAT
Page 610 and 611:
comparisons, the discussion of lexo
Page 612 and 613:
In addition to specifying phrase, c
Page 614 and 615:
A-Z 585 precedence of the ordered O
Page 616 and 617:
A-Z 587 The Stratificational approa
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A-Z 589 actually, langue and parole
Page 620 and 621:
Stylistics Stylistics is the study
Page 622 and 623:
A-Z 593 used in the various Epistle
Page 624 and 625:
A-Z 595 paradigmatic axis. However,
Page 626 and 627:
A-Z 597 order to illustrate the imp
Page 628 and 629:
A-Z 599 One of the few exceptions i
Page 630 and 631:
A-Z 601 epizeuxis: repetition of a
Page 632 and 633:
Systemic grammar This article is be
Page 634 and 635:
A-Z 605 serve’ (ibid.). But these
Page 636 and 637:
A-Z 607 ‘active’ actor, active
Page 638 and 639:
A-Z 609 structure has to be generat
Page 640 and 641:
A-Z 611 each level may either be co
Page 642 and 643:
p. 11; Pike, 1982, p. 82). There ar
Page 644 and 645:
A-Z 615 STYLISTICS); concentration
Page 646 and 647:
A-Z 617 developed at the end of the
Page 648 and 649:
A-Z 619 particular needs of the lea
Page 650 and 651:
As Hoey points out (1983-4, p. 1),
Page 652 and 653:
A-Z 623 Van Dijk reasoned that the
Page 654 and 655:
A-Z 625 His work on clause relation
Page 656 and 657:
A-Z 627 item is often listed as a s
Page 658 and 659:
The most typical discourse pattern
Page 660 and 661:
A-Z 631 Planning in discourse invol
Page 662 and 663:
A-Z 633 NATURALNESS In Text Linguis
Page 664 and 665:
Tone languages All the languages in
Page 666 and 667:
A-Z 637 different moods; the meanin
Page 668 and 669:
A-Z 639 notice that they are less t
Page 670 and 671:
A-Z 641 (Carding, 1973). Among Slav
Page 672 and 673:
Traditional grammar By traditional
Page 674 and 675:
A-Z 645 grammar of Latin. Such gram
Page 676 and 677:
A-Z 647 NUMBER, singular and plural
Page 678 and 679:
sentences are ambiguous, i.e. that
Page 680 and 681:
Figure 2 A-Z 651 dominates it, as s
Page 682 and 683:
figure 3 A-Z 653 agree in number, a
Page 684 and 685:
A-Z 655 Within this model all sente
Page 686 and 687:
A-Z 657 routes that have destroyed
Page 688 and 689:
A-Z 659 much so that within a few y
Page 690 and 691:
A-Z 661 transmitted the enemy propa
Page 692 and 693:
A-Z 663 projection, though there ma
Page 694 and 695:
A-Z 665 the PP is governed by the p
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
A-Z 669 The subject of these tablet
Page 700 and 701:
A-Z 671 is made up purely of conson
Page 702 and 703:
A-Z 673 In addition, Chinese contai
Page 704 and 705:
A-Z 675 separate sign for the sound
Page 706 and 707:
Bibliography 677 Allwood, J., Ander
Page 708 and 709:
Bibliography 679 Belsey, C. (1980),
Page 710 and 711:
Bibliography 681 Boyes-Braem, P. (1
Page 712 and 713:
Bibliography 683 Carter, B. Jr (196
Page 714 and 715:
Bibliography 685 Coleman, D.W. (198
Page 716 and 717:
Bibliography 687 DeCamp, D. (1971b)
Page 718 and 719:
Bibliography 689 Edmundson, W. (198
Page 720 and 721:
Bibliography 691 Fodor, J.D. and Fr
Page 722 and 723:
Bibliography 693 Garside, R., Leech
Page 724 and 725:
Bibliography 695 Halliday, M.A.K. (
Page 726 and 727:
Bibliography 697 Hjelmslev, L. (197
Page 728 and 729:
Bibliography 699 Ingram, D. (1985),
Page 730 and 731:
Bibliography 701 Kastovsky, D. (198
Page 732 and 733:
Bibliography 703 Kurath, H. et al.
Page 734 and 735:
Bibliography 705 Lesniewski, S. (19
Page 736 and 737:
Bibliography 707 McCawley, J.D. (19
Page 738 and 739:
Bibliography 709 Miller, N. (1986),
Page 740 and 741:
Bibliography 711 Nooteboom, S.G. (1
Page 742 and 743:
Bibliography 713 Pike, K.L. (1945),
Page 744 and 745:
Bibliography 715 Ross, J.R. (1970),
Page 746 and 747:
Bibliography 717 Schubert, R.D. and
Page 748 and 749:
Bibliography 719 Slobin, D.I. (1977
Page 750 and 751:
Bibliography 721 Swadesh, M. (1934)
Page 752 and 753:
Bibliography 723 Valdman, A. and Hi
Page 754 and 755:
Bibliography 725 Williams, E. (1981
Page 756 and 757:
Index Entries are in letter-by-lett
Page 758 and 759:
Index 729 alpha fibres, neurolingui
Page 760 and 761:
Index 731 articles, historical ling
Page 762 and 763:
Index 733 best-match strategy 369 B
Page 764 and 765:
Index 735 CD (conceptual dependency
Page 766 and 767:
Index 737 compatibility, tolerance
Page 768 and 769:
Index 739 non-linguistic, in childr
Page 770 and 771:
Index 741 deaf, sign language 405-1
Page 772 and 773:
Index 743 and lexis 304-5 discourse
Page 774 and 775:
Index 745 text linguistics 463, 464
Page 776 and 777:
Index 747 set theory 401-2, 404 ext
Page 778 and 779:
Index 749 case 67 discourse analysi
Page 780 and 781:
Index 751 Gilliéron, J., dialect s
Page 782 and 783:
Index 753 head parameter, language
Page 784 and 785:
Index 755 incompatible terms, anton
Page 786 and 787:
intransitive processes, systemic gr
Page 788 and 789:
Index 759 language pathology; speec
Page 790 and 791:
Index 761 Lieberman, P., origin of
Page 792 and 793:
Index 763 marker, act in discourse
Page 794 and 795:
Index 765 Montague, R., Montague gr
Page 796 and 797:
Index 767 neologisms aphasia 18 sty
Page 798 and 799:
Index 769 one-word stage 244 on-lin
Page 800 and 801:
Index 771 componential analysis 397
Page 802 and 803:
Index 773 CV- 170 functional 146-52
Page 804 and 805:
Index 775 prepositions historical l
Page 806 and 807:
psycholinguistics 362 psychological
Page 808 and 809:
Index 779 request, speech-act theor
Page 810 and 811:
Index 781 semantic change, historic
Page 812 and 813:
Index 783 singular number, traditio
Page 814 and 815:
Index 785 statement, speech act 422
Page 816 and 817:
Index 787 generative semantics 171,
Page 818 and 819:
Index 789 semiotics 401 speech act
Page 820 and 821:
Index 791 transitive relation, set
Page 822 and 823:
Index 793 vagueness, linguistic exp
Page 824:
language typology 274-5 see also le
show all

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