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The LINGUISTICS ENCYCLOPEDIA
OTHER LANGUAGE TITLES PUBLISHED BY ROUTLEDGE An <strong>Encyclopedia</strong> of Language N.E.Collinge, ed. International English Usage Loreto Todd and Ian Hancock, eds A History of the English Language (4th edn) Albert C.Baugh and Thomas Cable A Survey of Modern English Stephan Gramley and Kurt-Michael Pätzold Survey of English Dialects: The Dictionary and Grammar Clive Upton, David Parry, J.D.A.Widdowson A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in <strong>Linguistics</strong> R.L.Trask The World’s Major Languages Bernard Comrie, ed. Compendium of the World’s Languages George L.Campbell Concise Compendium of the World’s Languages George L.Campbell The Celtic Languages Martin J.Ball and Glyn E.Jones, eds The Slavonic Languages Bernard Comrie and Greville G.Corbett, eds The Germanic Languages Ekkehard König and Johan van der Auwera Dictionary of European Proverbs Emanuel Strauss, comp.
Page 4 and 5: Atlas of the World’s Languages Ch
Page 6 and 7: First published 1991 by Routledge 1
Page 9: Contents List of subjects x Preface
Page 12 and 13: British Sign Language (BSL): see Si
Page 14 and 15: Generative rhetoric: see Rhetoric G
Page 16 and 17: Morphophonology: see Morphology Mul
Page 18 and 19: Structuralist linguistics Stylistic
Page 20: According to some, language is lite
Page 24 and 25: The contributors Tsutomu Akamatsu s
Page 26 and 27: Champaign, USA. He contributed the
Page 28 and 29: Acknowledgements The great majority
Page 30 and 31: Acoustic phonetics Acoustic phoneti
Page 32 and 33: A-Z 3 amplitude of x, y, and z, res
Page 34 and 35: A-Z 5 Figure 6 (a) A line spectrum
Page 36 and 37: A-Z 7 the very front as well. The v
Page 38 and 39: A-Z 9 Figure 10 A formant chart sho
Page 40 and 41: A-Z 11 a spectrogram. A normal spec
Page 42 and 43: Animals and language Linguists’ i
Page 44 and 45: A-Z 15 colour of their underside wh
Page 46 and 47: A-Z 17 least in the field of animal
Page 48 and 49: A-Z 19 vocabulary of around 130 ter
Page 50 and 51: Aphasia Aphasia is the loss of norm
Page 52 and 53:
A-Z 23 the following syndromes is f
Page 54 and 55:
A-Z 25 CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS), ey
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Articulatory phonetics Articulatory
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A-Z 29 such a way that the egressiv
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A-Z 31 recognition is implied in ph
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A-Z 33 Use of the cardinal vowel sy
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A-Z 35 Consonants may also be class
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Artificial Intelligence ARTIFICIAL
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A-Z 39 natural language. Trying to
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A-Z 41 It was rapidly found that th
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A-Z 43 generate well-formed output
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A-Z 45 N-place relations can be rec
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A-Z 47 offered as a useful tool for
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A-Z 49 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READ
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A-Z 51 not only be universal, but w
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A-Z 53 While many Esperantists feel
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A-Z 55 And since a number of natura
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A-Z 57 the present discussion, but
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A-Z 59 This finding gave rise to on
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A-Z 61 tasks to be performed with t
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A-Z 63 Attempts to relate an acoust
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A-Z 65 traversed, and actions perfo
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A-Z 67 The system can be made to co
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A-Z 69 11 ASSEMBLE NOUN PHRASE SEND
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we have the more complex A-Z 71 and
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A-Z 73 required length of time, and
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A-Z 75 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READ
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A-Z 77 finding herself or himself i
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A-Z 79 after a period of mixing up
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A-Z 81 MIXING Bilinguals often enga
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A-Z 83 The analysis of the speech o
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A-Z 85 official language in so far
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A-Z 87 English bears little resembl
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The most important variables here i
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A-Z 91 d. I paid Harry five dollars
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Categorial grammar The term categor
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course, but also possibly containin
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A-Z 97 Corpora At its most general,
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A-Z 99 of English obviously have un
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A-Z 101 applications. Technical ava
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A-Z 103 investigated had been (for
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A-Z 105 being used experimentally i
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Creoles and pidgins GENERAL INTRODU
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A-Z 109 economically, and/or politi
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A-Z 111 Pidgins and creoles tend to
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A-Z 113 polygenesis (multiple origi
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A-Z 115 creolization process: (1) m
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A-Z 117 speakers to acquire the sta
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A-Z 119 To say that critical lingui
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A-Z 121 mode of materialization and
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Dialectology INTRODUCTION Dialectol
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A-Z 125 Yorkshire dialect / / would
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A-Z 127 commenced before this time
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A-Z 129 educational policies—thos
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A-Z 131 Ferguson’s words, ‘an a
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Science Research Council between Se
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period lesson topic A-Z 135 transac
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Exchange type Boundary Elicit Table
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A-Z 139 move occurs. Keenan and Sch
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without being heard as interruption
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A-Z 143 construction functions as a
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Distinctive features INTRODUCTION D
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A-Z 147 /d/, but which in final pos
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A-Z 149 Redundancy also applies in
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(palatalized v. non-palatalized) na
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Dyslexia The Greek term dys-lexia m
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A-Z 155 dyslexia lies in the normal
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A-Z 157 amnesia visualis verbalis,
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A-Z 159 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER REA
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A-Z 161 from the pen of linguists w
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A-Z 163 language, which will prompt
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With a basic idea of the morphology
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A-Z 167 In the early stages this wi
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etc. Each state through which he pa
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Formal logic and modal logic INTROD
Page 202 and 203:
A-Z 173 The two descriptions of log
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A-Z 175 t f f f t f f t t f t t f f
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Someone is brave, can be paraphrase
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it follows that: There is a variety
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A-Z 181 Useful introductions to ten
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The interest of the theory lies in
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or false, and this is exploited in
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A-Z 187 As a first step, we can see
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A-Z 189 between moments ‘
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(Moravcsik, 1980, p. 11). It begins
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It was an Easter egg that Tomas gav
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A-Z 195 (i) It specifies time refer
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Functional phonology By functional
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A-Z 199 not only contrastively but
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A-Z 201 On the basis of this commut
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A-Z 203 phonologically valid in the
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Functional unification grammar Func
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A-Z 207 Unification refers to an op
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He likes (−) writing books He lik
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A-Z 211 sections of a functional un
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Functionalist linguistics Functiona
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A-Z 215 described half a century ag
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A-Z 217 By register is meant that c
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formulated in mathematical terms: I
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We can add more rules to the syntax
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A-Z 223 INTRODUCTION Generative pho
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A-Z 225 Cycle 2 [1 2] − Cycle 3 [
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A-Z 227 phonologists was that phono
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING Cho
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A-Z 231 the application of the fami
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A-Z 233 encoded into syntactic stru
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A-Z 235 programme of attempting to
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A-Z 237 called a genre. In practice
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(iii) justifying the research The o
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A-Z 241 comprehension difficulties
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Glossematics INTRODUCTION Glossemat
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A-Z 245 basis of language typology.
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A-Z 247 an expression form and a co
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second, and the second over the thi
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A-Z 251 dimensional array, /p t k/
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A-Z 253 Historical linguistics INTR
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A-Z 255 SANSKRIT The first known re
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A-Z 257 became the first law in lin
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A-Z 259 Sanskrit çata Germanic hun
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A-Z 261 linguist attempts to classi
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PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE REGULARITY OF S
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A-Z 265 The treatment of [a] in the
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The loss of a word-medial vowel, or
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A phoneme may also split into multi
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An upward pressure was also exerted
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A-Z 273 DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGE CHANG
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A-Z 275 Singular Plural Nominative
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1 cantō chant(e) 2 cantas chantes
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A-Z 279 Morphological differentiati
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A-Z 281 English Latin dilapidated l
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A-Z 283 kind of reconditioning: Lat
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A-Z 285 [k] in both cases before th
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[ ] noche [ ] ocho [ ] dicho ‘nig
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A-Z 289 languages, their migratory
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A-Z 291 Language families indigenou
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A-Z 293 (Alaska, western Canada and
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A-Z 295 Alternatively, parentheses
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A-Z 297 1971), presented a great ad
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A-Z 299 It is sometimes assumed tha
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A-Z 301 hoc method must be used by
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A-Z 303 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER READ
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A-Z 305 knowledge might limit the n
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A-Z 307 (b) Much shrapnel did not h
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pronominalization transformation th
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Intonation Intonation is the term c
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A-Z 313 that have been postulated t
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entity; it is rather one of the mea
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A-Z 317 Within each of the options,
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Kinesics Kinesics is the technical
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A-Z 321 gestures which realise inte
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A-Z 323 as scientifically valid. En
Page 354 and 355:
A-Z 325 Performance factors include
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A-Z 327 is wider in relation to its
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Pivotclass word Table 1 A pivot gra
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A-Z 331 Braine (1976) argues that c
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A-Z 333 years old, and she showed t
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stage 3: stage 4: A-Z 335 Use of do
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A-Z 337 Halliday’s phase I, the f
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Language and education There is no
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A-Z 341 Such a view invites change
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A-Z 343 the children later on; in s
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Language and gender In this entry,
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A-Z 347 independent dimensions, the
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A-Z 349 for the study of Latin. The
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Language pathology and neurolinguis
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A-Z 353 integrated system of lingui
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A-Z 355 If we now pass quickly over
Page 386 and 387:
A-Z 357 cannot be expressed in spee
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A-Z 359 studies where there has bee
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A-Z 361 each informant. The resulti
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A-Z 363 focus has been on synchroni
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Page 396 and 397:
A-Z 367 chúng tôi bằt đầu l
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A-Z 369 (1966b) universals (see LAN
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A-Z 371 Another powerful demonstrat
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Language universals INTRODUCTION Th
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A-Z 375 grammatical analysis, but i
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7 If, in a language with dominant S
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A-Z 379 42 All languages have prono
Page 410 and 411:
A-Z 381 example, it is known that i
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A-Z 383 In attributing psychologica
Page 414 and 415:
A-Z 385 principle of direct syntact
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Figure 1 A-Z 387 that a girl is the
Page 418 and 419:
should be assigned elsewhere. Each
Page 420 and 421:
Figure 3 A-Z 391 dicates, as presen
Page 422 and 423:
‘machine x’ ‘shore’ bank/'b
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A-Z 395 a space between the parts o
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A-Z 397 2 Information of the same t
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one-one lexical mapping; the second
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Lexis and lexicology INTRODUCTION T
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A-Z 403 RELATIONS BETWEEN ITEMS Fie
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A-Z 405 with the conceptual or idea
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A-Z 407 Sinclair (1966) addressed s
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A-Z 409 LEXIS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSI
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1 Certainty / w/: he comes, 2 Rumou
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A-Z 413 people think and about what
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Metaphor Eco (1984, p. 87) insists
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A-Z 417 comparison view, according
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A-Z 419 Presumably, a child learns
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A-Z 421 expressions which refer to
Page 452 and 453:
In theories where the word is an im
Page 454 and 455:
A-Z 425 we talk of the phoneme /l/
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A-Z 427 INFLECTION Bloomfield (1933
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A-Z 429 COMPOSITION (COMPOUNDING) M
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A-Z 431 MORPHOPHONOLOGY (OR MORPHON
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A-Z 433 WP avoids the morphophonolo
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
A-Z 437 languages, but only a small
Page 468 and 469:
A-Z 439 vegetative functions as res
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A-Z 441 You can easily perform the
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Philosophy of language INTRODUCTION
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A-Z 445 tree and shrub at his finge
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A-Z 447 which is handy, since we ca
Page 478 and 479:
whole sentence is its truth value,
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A-Z 451 however, conceptually compl
Page 482 and 483:
A-Z 453 Such proposals are open to
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A-Z 455 their own utterances a good
Page 486 and 487:
Phonemics Phonemics is the study of
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A-Z 459 word-initial position. Alth
Page 490 and 491:
A-Z 461 the axiomatic principle, be
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A-Z 463 between two phonemes, and t
Page 494 and 495:
Port-Royal grammar THE EDITIONS OF
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A-Z 467 succession ‘nouns, substa
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A-Z 469 conceive, but nearly always
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A-Z 471 and death are within the po
Page 502 and 503:
A-Z 473 (Post-)Bloomfieldian Americ
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A-Z 475 Although the correspondence
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A-Z 477 OR Natural-language users o
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More specifically: A-Z 479 1 Avoid
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‘Maximize (other things being equ
Page 512 and 513:
A-Z 483 expense of syntagmatic rela
Page 514 and 515:
Given a few Turkish words as exampl
Page 516 and 517:
A-Z 487 Psycholinguistics is a disc
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A-Z 489 discourse record, an intern
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1 Content words tend to exchange wi
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A-Z 493 other people’s overt spee
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A-Z 495 In logogen theory, each ent
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(b) The horse raced past the barn f
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(8) The painting pleased John and t
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A-Z 501 As it takes longer to read
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
A-Z 505 A theory of linguistic stru
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A-Z 507 2 The onset of language cor
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A-Z 509 Chomsky, N. (1966), Cartesi
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A-Z 511 conclusions. A five-part sp
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A-Z 513 Payne (1969) for a number o
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A-Z 515 CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC The di
Page 546 and 547:
A-Z 517 be handled in a consistent
Page 548 and 549:
A-Z 519 problem, Halliday allows fo
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A-Z 521 some elements of group stru
Page 552 and 553:
therefore, fall under semiotics, th
Page 554 and 555:
True binary antonyms such as the on
Page 556 and 557:
These, and the gradable binary anto
Page 558 and 559:
x is a kind of y A-Z 529 There is a
Page 560 and 561:
(15) This is my husband (16) This i
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could, in principle, be given any n
Page 564 and 565:
Figure 1 A-Z 535 analysis as a theo
Page 566 and 567:
A-Z 537 The stripped bark of the tr
Page 568 and 569:
Set theory SETS Set theory is a bra
Page 570 and 571:
The power set of a set S is a set w
Page 572 and 573:
A-Z 543 to its range or co-domain:
Page 574 and 575:
Sign language INTRODUCTION By sign
Page 576 and 577:
similar schools in the 1850s reache
Page 578 and 579:
among the first acquired by deaf ch
Page 580 and 581:
Susceptative/friquentative ‘easil
Page 582 and 583:
A-Z 553 carelessness, lack of atten
Page 584 and 585:
A-Z 555 The signing space forms an
Page 586 and 587:
A-Z 557 Kyle, J.G. and Woll, B. (19
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
A-Z 561 If any of these criteria is
Page 592 and 593:
A-Z 563 numerous, Austin hoped that
Page 594 and 595:
A-Z 565 years in Papua New Guinea,
Page 596 and 597:
A-Z 567 warn, greet and congratulat
Page 598 and 599:
Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: to
Page 600 and 601:
Speech therapy DEFINITION Speech th
Page 602 and 603:
A-Z 573 PLACES OF WORK In 1986 ther
Page 604 and 605:
A-Z 575 drawn. Many stammerers expe
Page 606 and 607:
A-Z 577 these children, however, it
Page 608 and 609:
Stratificational syntax STRATIFICAT
Page 610 and 611:
comparisons, the discussion of lexo
Page 612 and 613:
In addition to specifying phrase, c
Page 614 and 615:
A-Z 585 precedence of the ordered O
Page 616 and 617:
A-Z 587 The Stratificational approa
Page 618 and 619:
A-Z 589 actually, langue and parole
Page 620 and 621:
Stylistics Stylistics is the study
Page 622 and 623:
A-Z 593 used in the various Epistle
Page 624 and 625:
A-Z 595 paradigmatic axis. However,
Page 626 and 627:
A-Z 597 order to illustrate the imp
Page 628 and 629:
A-Z 599 One of the few exceptions i
Page 630 and 631:
A-Z 601 epizeuxis: repetition of a
Page 632 and 633:
Systemic grammar This article is be
Page 634 and 635:
A-Z 605 serve’ (ibid.). But these
Page 636 and 637:
A-Z 607 ‘active’ actor, active
Page 638 and 639:
A-Z 609 structure has to be generat
Page 640 and 641:
A-Z 611 each level may either be co
Page 642 and 643:
p. 11; Pike, 1982, p. 82). There ar
Page 644 and 645:
A-Z 615 STYLISTICS); concentration
Page 646 and 647:
A-Z 617 developed at the end of the
Page 648 and 649:
A-Z 619 particular needs of the lea
Page 650 and 651:
As Hoey points out (1983-4, p. 1),
Page 652 and 653:
A-Z 623 Van Dijk reasoned that the
Page 654 and 655:
A-Z 625 His work on clause relation
Page 656 and 657:
A-Z 627 item is often listed as a s
Page 658 and 659:
The most typical discourse pattern
Page 660 and 661:
A-Z 631 Planning in discourse invol
Page 662 and 663:
A-Z 633 NATURALNESS In Text Linguis
Page 664 and 665:
Tone languages All the languages in
Page 666 and 667:
A-Z 637 different moods; the meanin
Page 668 and 669:
A-Z 639 notice that they are less t
Page 670 and 671:
A-Z 641 (Carding, 1973). Among Slav
Page 672 and 673:
Traditional grammar By traditional
Page 674 and 675:
A-Z 645 grammar of Latin. Such gram
Page 676 and 677:
A-Z 647 NUMBER, singular and plural
Page 678 and 679:
sentences are ambiguous, i.e. that
Page 680 and 681:
Figure 2 A-Z 651 dominates it, as s
Page 682 and 683:
figure 3 A-Z 653 agree in number, a
Page 684 and 685:
A-Z 655 Within this model all sente
Page 686 and 687:
A-Z 657 routes that have destroyed
Page 688 and 689:
A-Z 659 much so that within a few y
Page 690 and 691:
A-Z 661 transmitted the enemy propa
Page 692 and 693:
A-Z 663 projection, though there ma
Page 694 and 695:
A-Z 665 the PP is governed by the p
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
A-Z 669 The subject of these tablet
Page 700 and 701:
A-Z 671 is made up purely of conson
Page 702 and 703:
A-Z 673 In addition, Chinese contai
Page 704 and 705:
A-Z 675 separate sign for the sound
Page 706 and 707:
Bibliography 677 Allwood, J., Ander
Page 708 and 709:
Bibliography 679 Belsey, C. (1980),
Page 710 and 711:
Bibliography 681 Boyes-Braem, P. (1
Page 712 and 713:
Bibliography 683 Carter, B. Jr (196
Page 714 and 715:
Bibliography 685 Coleman, D.W. (198
Page 716 and 717:
Bibliography 687 DeCamp, D. (1971b)
Page 718 and 719:
Bibliography 689 Edmundson, W. (198
Page 720 and 721:
Bibliography 691 Fodor, J.D. and Fr
Page 722 and 723:
Bibliography 693 Garside, R., Leech
Page 724 and 725:
Bibliography 695 Halliday, M.A.K. (
Page 726 and 727:
Bibliography 697 Hjelmslev, L. (197
Page 728 and 729:
Bibliography 699 Ingram, D. (1985),
Page 730 and 731:
Bibliography 701 Kastovsky, D. (198
Page 732 and 733:
Bibliography 703 Kurath, H. et al.
Page 734 and 735:
Bibliography 705 Lesniewski, S. (19
Page 736 and 737:
Bibliography 707 McCawley, J.D. (19
Page 738 and 739:
Bibliography 709 Miller, N. (1986),
Page 740 and 741:
Bibliography 711 Nooteboom, S.G. (1
Page 742 and 743:
Bibliography 713 Pike, K.L. (1945),
Page 744 and 745:
Bibliography 715 Ross, J.R. (1970),
Page 746 and 747:
Bibliography 717 Schubert, R.D. and
Page 748 and 749:
Bibliography 719 Slobin, D.I. (1977
Page 750 and 751:
Bibliography 721 Swadesh, M. (1934)
Page 752 and 753:
Bibliography 723 Valdman, A. and Hi
Page 754 and 755:
Bibliography 725 Williams, E. (1981
Page 756 and 757:
Index Entries are in letter-by-lett
Page 758 and 759:
Index 729 alpha fibres, neurolingui
Page 760 and 761:
Index 731 articles, historical ling
Page 762 and 763:
Index 733 best-match strategy 369 B
Page 764 and 765:
Index 735 CD (conceptual dependency
Page 766 and 767:
Index 737 compatibility, tolerance
Page 768 and 769:
Index 739 non-linguistic, in childr
Page 770 and 771:
Index 741 deaf, sign language 405-1
Page 772 and 773:
Index 743 and lexis 304-5 discourse
Page 774 and 775:
Index 745 text linguistics 463, 464
Page 776 and 777:
Index 747 set theory 401-2, 404 ext
Page 778 and 779:
Index 749 case 67 discourse analysi
Page 780 and 781:
Index 751 Gilliéron, J., dialect s
Page 782 and 783:
Index 753 head parameter, language
Page 784 and 785:
Index 755 incompatible terms, anton
Page 786 and 787:
intransitive processes, systemic gr
Page 788 and 789:
Index 759 language pathology; speec
Page 790 and 791:
Index 761 Lieberman, P., origin of
Page 792 and 793:
Index 763 marker, act in discourse
Page 794 and 795:
Index 765 Montague, R., Montague gr
Page 796 and 797:
Index 767 neologisms aphasia 18 sty
Page 798 and 799:
Index 769 one-word stage 244 on-lin
Page 800 and 801:
Index 771 componential analysis 397
Page 802 and 803:
Index 773 CV- 170 functional 146-52
Page 804 and 805:
Index 775 prepositions historical l
Page 806 and 807:
psycholinguistics 362 psychological
Page 808 and 809:
Index 779 request, speech-act theor
Page 810 and 811:
Index 781 semantic change, historic
Page 812 and 813:
Index 783 singular number, traditio
Page 814 and 815:
Index 785 statement, speech act 422
Page 816 and 817:
Index 787 generative semantics 171,
Page 818 and 819:
Index 789 semiotics 401 speech act
Page 820 and 821:
Index 791 transitive relation, set
Page 822 and 823:
Index 793 vagueness, linguistic exp
Page 824:
language typology 274-5 see also le
show all

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