Linguistics Encyclopedia.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

A-Z 553 carelessness, lack of attention, or ignorance. Lips pulled tight as in saying ee with the teeth just showing suggests intensity or nearness or exactness. In descriptions of sizes, volumes, etc. fully puffed cheeks mean ‘a great amount’ while pursed lips and sucked in cheeks mean ‘a small amount’. The lip movements of words can also be used to disambiguate signs. For example, the sign for a married person can be accompanied by the lip shape for hu-sp to indicate that the married person in question is male (Miles, 1988, pp. 59–62). The eyes are used to show surprise (wide eyes) and doubt (narrow eyes). Narrow eyes can also show intensity of judgements, making the difference between the signs for ‘far’ and ‘very far’, ‘good’ and ‘very good’, and so on. The direction of the signer’s gaze can be used like pointing to indicate the location and movement of things. Raised eyebrows accompany questions (Miles, 1988, pp. 62–3). Just as speech makes some limited use of imitation of natural sounds, onomatopoeia, some manual signs imitate actions, shapes, sizes, directions, and so on. Some signs, like that for ‘drink’, in which the hand imitates the shape and movement involved in holding a glass and putting it to one’s lips, are transparent, that is, they would probably be understood even by people who do not know sign language. Other signs, in which the link between meaning and form only becomes apparent when it is explained are called translucent. The sign for ‘cheap’, for example, involves a downward movement which may suggest that something is being reduced. Signs which give no visual clues to their meaning are called encoded. Iconic or pictorial signs can be made by the fingers or the hand outlining the shape, size, or action of an object. For example, the sign for ‘scissors’ is made by the middle and index fingers performing movements similar to those of the blades of a pair of scissors. If the hand simultaneously moves across in front of the body, the sign means ‘cut’ (see further Miles, 1988, pp. 66–76). There are three kinds of manual sign, one handed, two-handed, and mixed, each having different types. One-handed signs are made by the right hand if the signer is righthanded and by the left if s/he is left-handed. The hand used for one-handed signs is called the leading hand. One-handed signs are either made in space (type 1) or by touching a body-part (though not the other hand) (type 2). Two-handed signs are of three types. Signs of type 1 are made with both hands moving either in space or touching each other or the body. Signs of type 2 involve the leading hand contacting the other while both handshapes are the same. In signs of type 3, the leading hand contacts the other, but the handshapes are different. A mixed sign is a sign which begins as one-handed and becomes two-handed, or vice versa, as in the sign for ‘believe’ in which the signer first touches his or her forehead just above the eye with the index finger of the leading hand and then brings that hand down in front of the chest, with the palm facing it, to make contact with the horizontal, upward facing palm of the other hand (Miles, 1988, pp. 54–5). Each sign of sign language can be described in isolation, but just as words in sentences do not sound the same as their citation forms, that is the way they sound when pronounced one at a time out of context, signs adapt to context as the hands rapidly change from one shape to another. There are more than fifty handshapes in BSL and around twenty-five identifiable places in the signing space. The signs are described in terms of place, movement, and the direction in which the palm and fingers face (Miles, 1988, pp. 56–7), and Stokoe’s ‘tab’, ‘dez’ and ‘sig’, developed for ASL (see above, pp.
407–8) can be applied to BSL signs too, as Deuchar (1984, p. 54) demonstrates: the sign for I in BSL is made by the index finger pointing to and touching the chest, and can thus be described as: tab: chest dez: index finger extended from closed fist sig: contact with tab The sign for THINK in BSL is made by the index finger pointing to the forehead, so it can be described as: tab: forehead dez: index finger extended from closed fist sig: contact with tab This shows the signs I and THINK to be minimal pairs: they differ only on one parameter, tab. Similarly, THINK and KNOW are minimal pairs differing only in dez, and KNOW and CLEVER are minimal pairs which contrast in sig (ibid., p. 55): KNOW CLEVER tab: forehead forehead dez: thumb extended from closed fist thumb extended from closed fist sig: contact with tab movement from right to left in contact with tab For BSL, the following symbols for tab, dez and sig have been added to Stokoe et al.’s (1976) (see above, pp. 407–8): Tab top of head eyes mouth/lips upper trunk Dez middle finger extended from fist Sig The linguistics encyclopedia 554 ear lower trunk crumbling action ø no movement (Deuchar, 1984, p. 604) (ibid., p. 64) (ibid., pp. 69–70)
Page 2 and 3:
The LINGUISTICS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Page 4 and 5:
Atlas of the World’s Languages Ch
Page 6 and 7:
First published 1991 by Routledge 1
Page 9:
Contents List of subjects x Preface
Page 12 and 13:
British Sign Language (BSL): see Si
Page 14 and 15:
Generative rhetoric: see Rhetoric G
Page 16 and 17:
Morphophonology: see Morphology Mul
Page 18 and 19:
Structuralist linguistics Stylistic
Page 20:
According to some, language is lite
Page 24 and 25:
The contributors Tsutomu Akamatsu s
Page 26 and 27:
Champaign, USA. He contributed the
Page 28 and 29:
Acknowledgements The great majority
Page 30 and 31:
Acoustic phonetics Acoustic phoneti
Page 32 and 33:
A-Z 3 amplitude of x, y, and z, res
Page 34 and 35:
A-Z 5 Figure 6 (a) A line spectrum
Page 36 and 37:
A-Z 7 the very front as well. The v
Page 38 and 39:
A-Z 9 Figure 10 A formant chart sho
Page 40 and 41:
A-Z 11 a spectrogram. A normal spec
Page 42 and 43:
Animals and language Linguists’ i
Page 44 and 45:
A-Z 15 colour of their underside wh
Page 46 and 47:
A-Z 17 least in the field of animal
Page 48 and 49:
A-Z 19 vocabulary of around 130 ter
Page 50 and 51:
Aphasia Aphasia is the loss of norm
Page 52 and 53:
A-Z 23 the following syndromes is f
Page 54 and 55:
A-Z 25 CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS), ey
Page 56 and 57:
Articulatory phonetics Articulatory
Page 58 and 59:
A-Z 29 such a way that the egressiv
Page 60 and 61:
A-Z 31 recognition is implied in ph
Page 62 and 63:
A-Z 33 Use of the cardinal vowel sy
Page 64 and 65:
A-Z 35 Consonants may also be class
Page 66 and 67:
Artificial Intelligence ARTIFICIAL
Page 68 and 69:
A-Z 39 natural language. Trying to
Page 70 and 71:
A-Z 41 It was rapidly found that th
Page 72 and 73:
A-Z 43 generate well-formed output
Page 74 and 75:
A-Z 45 N-place relations can be rec
Page 76 and 77:
A-Z 47 offered as a useful tool for
Page 78 and 79:
A-Z 49 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READ
Page 80 and 81:
A-Z 51 not only be universal, but w
Page 82 and 83:
A-Z 53 While many Esperantists feel
Page 84 and 85:
A-Z 55 And since a number of natura
Page 86 and 87:
A-Z 57 the present discussion, but
Page 88 and 89:
A-Z 59 This finding gave rise to on
Page 90 and 91:
A-Z 61 tasks to be performed with t
Page 92 and 93:
A-Z 63 Attempts to relate an acoust
Page 94 and 95:
A-Z 65 traversed, and actions perfo
Page 96 and 97:
A-Z 67 The system can be made to co
Page 98 and 99:
A-Z 69 11 ASSEMBLE NOUN PHRASE SEND
Page 100 and 101:
we have the more complex A-Z 71 and
Page 102 and 103:
A-Z 73 required length of time, and
Page 104 and 105:
A-Z 75 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READ
Page 106 and 107:
A-Z 77 finding herself or himself i
Page 108 and 109:
A-Z 79 after a period of mixing up
Page 110 and 111:
A-Z 81 MIXING Bilinguals often enga
Page 112 and 113:
A-Z 83 The analysis of the speech o
Page 114 and 115:
A-Z 85 official language in so far
Page 116 and 117:
A-Z 87 English bears little resembl
Page 118 and 119:
The most important variables here i
Page 120 and 121:
A-Z 91 d. I paid Harry five dollars
Page 122 and 123:
Categorial grammar The term categor
Page 124 and 125:
course, but also possibly containin
Page 126 and 127:
A-Z 97 Corpora At its most general,
Page 128 and 129:
A-Z 99 of English obviously have un
Page 130 and 131:
A-Z 101 applications. Technical ava
Page 132 and 133:
A-Z 103 investigated had been (for
Page 134 and 135:
A-Z 105 being used experimentally i
Page 136 and 137:
Creoles and pidgins GENERAL INTRODU
Page 138 and 139:
A-Z 109 economically, and/or politi
Page 140 and 141:
A-Z 111 Pidgins and creoles tend to
Page 142 and 143:
A-Z 113 polygenesis (multiple origi
Page 144 and 145:
A-Z 115 creolization process: (1) m
Page 146 and 147:
A-Z 117 speakers to acquire the sta
Page 148 and 149:
A-Z 119 To say that critical lingui
Page 150 and 151:
A-Z 121 mode of materialization and
Page 152 and 153:
Dialectology INTRODUCTION Dialectol
Page 154 and 155:
A-Z 125 Yorkshire dialect / / would
Page 156 and 157:
A-Z 127 commenced before this time
Page 158 and 159:
A-Z 129 educational policies—thos
Page 160 and 161:
A-Z 131 Ferguson’s words, ‘an a
Page 162 and 163:
Science Research Council between Se
Page 164 and 165:
period lesson topic A-Z 135 transac
Page 166 and 167:
Exchange type Boundary Elicit Table
Page 168 and 169:
A-Z 139 move occurs. Keenan and Sch
Page 170 and 171:
without being heard as interruption
Page 172 and 173:
A-Z 143 construction functions as a
Page 174 and 175:
Distinctive features INTRODUCTION D
Page 176 and 177:
A-Z 147 /d/, but which in final pos
Page 178 and 179:
A-Z 149 Redundancy also applies in
Page 180 and 181:
(palatalized v. non-palatalized) na
Page 182 and 183:
Dyslexia The Greek term dys-lexia m
Page 184 and 185:
A-Z 155 dyslexia lies in the normal
Page 186 and 187:
A-Z 157 amnesia visualis verbalis,
Page 188 and 189:
A-Z 159 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER REA
Page 190 and 191:
A-Z 161 from the pen of linguists w
Page 192 and 193:
A-Z 163 language, which will prompt
Page 194 and 195:
With a basic idea of the morphology
Page 196 and 197:
A-Z 167 In the early stages this wi
Page 198 and 199:
etc. Each state through which he pa
Page 200 and 201:
Formal logic and modal logic INTROD
Page 202 and 203:
A-Z 173 The two descriptions of log
Page 204 and 205:
A-Z 175 t f f f t f f t t f t t f f
Page 206 and 207:
Someone is brave, can be paraphrase
Page 208 and 209:
it follows that: There is a variety
Page 210 and 211:
A-Z 181 Useful introductions to ten
Page 212 and 213:
The interest of the theory lies in
Page 214 and 215:
or false, and this is exploited in
Page 216 and 217:
A-Z 187 As a first step, we can see
Page 218 and 219:
A-Z 189 between moments ‘
Page 220 and 221:
(Moravcsik, 1980, p. 11). It begins
Page 222 and 223:
It was an Easter egg that Tomas gav
Page 224 and 225:
A-Z 195 (i) It specifies time refer
Page 226 and 227:
Functional phonology By functional
Page 228 and 229:
A-Z 199 not only contrastively but
Page 230 and 231:
A-Z 201 On the basis of this commut
Page 232 and 233:
A-Z 203 phonologically valid in the
Page 234 and 235:
Functional unification grammar Func
Page 236 and 237:
A-Z 207 Unification refers to an op
Page 238 and 239:
He likes (−) writing books He lik
Page 240 and 241:
A-Z 211 sections of a functional un
Page 242 and 243:
Functionalist linguistics Functiona
Page 244 and 245:
A-Z 215 described half a century ag
Page 246 and 247:
A-Z 217 By register is meant that c
Page 248 and 249:
formulated in mathematical terms: I
Page 250 and 251:
We can add more rules to the syntax
Page 252 and 253:
A-Z 223 INTRODUCTION Generative pho
Page 254 and 255:
A-Z 225 Cycle 2 [1 2] − Cycle 3 [
Page 256 and 257:
A-Z 227 phonologists was that phono
Page 258 and 259:
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING Cho
Page 260 and 261:
A-Z 231 the application of the fami
Page 262 and 263:
A-Z 233 encoded into syntactic stru
Page 264 and 265:
A-Z 235 programme of attempting to
Page 266 and 267:
A-Z 237 called a genre. In practice
Page 268 and 269:
(iii) justifying the research The o
Page 270 and 271:
A-Z 241 comprehension difficulties
Page 272 and 273:
Glossematics INTRODUCTION Glossemat
Page 274 and 275:
A-Z 245 basis of language typology.
Page 276 and 277:
A-Z 247 an expression form and a co
Page 278 and 279:
second, and the second over the thi
Page 280 and 281:
A-Z 251 dimensional array, /p t k/
Page 282 and 283:
A-Z 253 Historical linguistics INTR
Page 284 and 285:
A-Z 255 SANSKRIT The first known re
Page 286 and 287:
A-Z 257 became the first law in lin
Page 288 and 289:
A-Z 259 Sanskrit çata Germanic hun
Page 290 and 291:
A-Z 261 linguist attempts to classi
Page 292 and 293:
PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE REGULARITY OF S
Page 294 and 295:
A-Z 265 The treatment of [a] in the
Page 296 and 297:
The loss of a word-medial vowel, or
Page 298 and 299:
A phoneme may also split into multi
Page 300 and 301:
An upward pressure was also exerted
Page 302 and 303:
A-Z 273 DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGE CHANG
Page 304 and 305:
A-Z 275 Singular Plural Nominative
Page 306 and 307:
1 cantō chant(e) 2 cantas chantes
Page 308 and 309:
A-Z 279 Morphological differentiati
Page 310 and 311:
A-Z 281 English Latin dilapidated l
Page 312 and 313:
A-Z 283 kind of reconditioning: Lat
Page 314 and 315:
A-Z 285 [k] in both cases before th
Page 316 and 317:
[ ] noche [ ] ocho [ ] dicho ‘nig
Page 318 and 319:
A-Z 289 languages, their migratory
Page 320 and 321:
A-Z 291 Language families indigenou
Page 322 and 323:
A-Z 293 (Alaska, western Canada and
Page 324 and 325:
A-Z 295 Alternatively, parentheses
Page 326 and 327:
A-Z 297 1971), presented a great ad
Page 328 and 329:
A-Z 299 It is sometimes assumed tha
Page 330 and 331:
A-Z 301 hoc method must be used by
Page 332 and 333:
A-Z 303 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER READ
Page 334 and 335:
A-Z 305 knowledge might limit the n
Page 336 and 337:
A-Z 307 (b) Much shrapnel did not h
Page 338 and 339:
pronominalization transformation th
Page 340 and 341:
Intonation Intonation is the term c
Page 342 and 343:
A-Z 313 that have been postulated t
Page 344 and 345:
entity; it is rather one of the mea
Page 346 and 347:
A-Z 317 Within each of the options,
Page 348 and 349:
Kinesics Kinesics is the technical
Page 350 and 351:
A-Z 321 gestures which realise inte
Page 352 and 353:
A-Z 323 as scientifically valid. En
Page 354 and 355:
A-Z 325 Performance factors include
Page 356 and 357:
A-Z 327 is wider in relation to its
Page 358 and 359:
Pivotclass word Table 1 A pivot gra
Page 360 and 361:
A-Z 331 Braine (1976) argues that c
Page 362 and 363:
A-Z 333 years old, and she showed t
Page 364 and 365:
stage 3: stage 4: A-Z 335 Use of do
Page 366 and 367:
A-Z 337 Halliday’s phase I, the f
Page 368 and 369:
Language and education There is no
Page 370 and 371:
A-Z 341 Such a view invites change
Page 372 and 373:
A-Z 343 the children later on; in s
Page 374 and 375:
Language and gender In this entry,
Page 376 and 377:
A-Z 347 independent dimensions, the
Page 378 and 379:
A-Z 349 for the study of Latin. The
Page 380 and 381:
Language pathology and neurolinguis
Page 382 and 383:
A-Z 353 integrated system of lingui
Page 384 and 385:
A-Z 355 If we now pass quickly over
Page 386 and 387:
A-Z 357 cannot be expressed in spee
Page 388 and 389:
A-Z 359 studies where there has bee
Page 390 and 391:
A-Z 361 each informant. The resulti
Page 392 and 393:
A-Z 363 focus has been on synchroni
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
A-Z 367 chúng tôi bằt đầu l
Page 398 and 399:
A-Z 369 (1966b) universals (see LAN
Page 400 and 401:
A-Z 371 Another powerful demonstrat
Page 402 and 403:
Language universals INTRODUCTION Th
Page 404 and 405:
A-Z 375 grammatical analysis, but i
Page 406 and 407:
7 If, in a language with dominant S
Page 408 and 409:
A-Z 379 42 All languages have prono
Page 410 and 411:
A-Z 381 example, it is known that i
Page 412 and 413:
A-Z 383 In attributing psychologica
Page 414 and 415:
A-Z 385 principle of direct syntact
Page 416 and 417:
Figure 1 A-Z 387 that a girl is the
Page 418 and 419:
should be assigned elsewhere. Each
Page 420 and 421:
Figure 3 A-Z 391 dicates, as presen
Page 422 and 423:
‘machine x’ ‘shore’ bank/'b
Page 424 and 425:
A-Z 395 a space between the parts o
Page 426 and 427:
A-Z 397 2 Information of the same t
Page 428 and 429:
one-one lexical mapping; the second
Page 430 and 431:
Lexis and lexicology INTRODUCTION T
Page 432 and 433:
A-Z 403 RELATIONS BETWEEN ITEMS Fie
Page 434 and 435:
A-Z 405 with the conceptual or idea
Page 436 and 437:
A-Z 407 Sinclair (1966) addressed s
Page 438 and 439:
A-Z 409 LEXIS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSI
Page 440 and 441:
1 Certainty / w/: he comes, 2 Rumou
Page 442 and 443:
A-Z 413 people think and about what
Page 444 and 445:
Metaphor Eco (1984, p. 87) insists
Page 446 and 447:
A-Z 417 comparison view, according
Page 448 and 449:
A-Z 419 Presumably, a child learns
Page 450 and 451:
A-Z 421 expressions which refer to
Page 452 and 453:
In theories where the word is an im
Page 454 and 455:
A-Z 425 we talk of the phoneme /l/
Page 456 and 457:
A-Z 427 INFLECTION Bloomfield (1933
Page 458 and 459:
A-Z 429 COMPOSITION (COMPOUNDING) M
Page 460 and 461:
A-Z 431 MORPHOPHONOLOGY (OR MORPHON
Page 462 and 463:
A-Z 433 WP avoids the morphophonolo
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
A-Z 437 languages, but only a small
Page 468 and 469:
A-Z 439 vegetative functions as res
Page 470 and 471:
A-Z 441 You can easily perform the
Page 472 and 473:
Philosophy of language INTRODUCTION
Page 474 and 475:
A-Z 445 tree and shrub at his finge
Page 476 and 477:
A-Z 447 which is handy, since we ca
Page 478 and 479:
whole sentence is its truth value,
Page 480 and 481:
A-Z 451 however, conceptually compl
Page 482 and 483:
A-Z 453 Such proposals are open to
Page 484 and 485:
A-Z 455 their own utterances a good
Page 486 and 487:
Phonemics Phonemics is the study of
Page 488 and 489:
A-Z 459 word-initial position. Alth
Page 490 and 491:
A-Z 461 the axiomatic principle, be
Page 492 and 493:
A-Z 463 between two phonemes, and t
Page 494 and 495:
Port-Royal grammar THE EDITIONS OF
Page 496 and 497:
A-Z 467 succession ‘nouns, substa
Page 498 and 499:
A-Z 469 conceive, but nearly always
Page 500 and 501:
A-Z 471 and death are within the po
Page 502 and 503:
A-Z 473 (Post-)Bloomfieldian Americ
Page 504 and 505:
A-Z 475 Although the correspondence
Page 506 and 507:
A-Z 477 OR Natural-language users o
Page 508 and 509:
More specifically: A-Z 479 1 Avoid
Page 510 and 511:
‘Maximize (other things being equ
Page 512 and 513:
A-Z 483 expense of syntagmatic rela
Page 514 and 515:
Given a few Turkish words as exampl
Page 516 and 517:
A-Z 487 Psycholinguistics is a disc
Page 518 and 519:
A-Z 489 discourse record, an intern
Page 520 and 521:
1 Content words tend to exchange wi
Page 522 and 523:
A-Z 493 other people’s overt spee
Page 524 and 525:
A-Z 495 In logogen theory, each ent
Page 526 and 527:
(b) The horse raced past the barn f
Page 528 and 529:
(8) The painting pleased John and t
Page 530 and 531:
A-Z 501 As it takes longer to read
Page 532 and 533: A-Z 503 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER REA
Page 534 and 535: A-Z 505 A theory of linguistic stru
Page 536 and 537: A-Z 507 2 The onset of language cor
Page 538 and 539: A-Z 509 Chomsky, N. (1966), Cartesi
Page 540 and 541: A-Z 511 conclusions. A five-part sp
Page 542 and 543: A-Z 513 Payne (1969) for a number o
Page 544 and 545: A-Z 515 CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC The di
Page 546 and 547: A-Z 517 be handled in a consistent
Page 548 and 549: A-Z 519 problem, Halliday allows fo
Page 550 and 551: A-Z 521 some elements of group stru
Page 552 and 553: therefore, fall under semiotics, th
Page 554 and 555: True binary antonyms such as the on
Page 556 and 557: These, and the gradable binary anto
Page 558 and 559: x is a kind of y A-Z 529 There is a
Page 560 and 561: (15) This is my husband (16) This i
Page 562 and 563: could, in principle, be given any n
Page 564 and 565: Figure 1 A-Z 535 analysis as a theo
Page 566 and 567: A-Z 537 The stripped bark of the tr
Page 568 and 569: Set theory SETS Set theory is a bra
Page 570 and 571: The power set of a set S is a set w
Page 572 and 573: A-Z 543 to its range or co-domain:
Page 574 and 575: Sign language INTRODUCTION By sign
Page 576 and 577: similar schools in the 1850s reache
Page 578 and 579: among the first acquired by deaf ch
Page 580 and 581: Susceptative/friquentative ‘easil
Page 584 and 585: A-Z 555 The signing space forms an
Page 586 and 587: A-Z 557 Kyle, J.G. and Woll, B. (19
Page 588 and 589: A-Z 559 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER REA
Page 590 and 591: A-Z 561 If any of these criteria is
Page 592 and 593: A-Z 563 numerous, Austin hoped that
Page 594 and 595: A-Z 565 years in Papua New Guinea,
Page 596 and 597: A-Z 567 warn, greet and congratulat
Page 598 and 599: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: to
Page 600 and 601: Speech therapy DEFINITION Speech th
Page 602 and 603: A-Z 573 PLACES OF WORK In 1986 ther
Page 604 and 605: A-Z 575 drawn. Many stammerers expe
Page 606 and 607: A-Z 577 these children, however, it
Page 608 and 609: Stratificational syntax STRATIFICAT
Page 610 and 611: comparisons, the discussion of lexo
Page 612 and 613: In addition to specifying phrase, c
Page 614 and 615: A-Z 585 precedence of the ordered O
Page 616 and 617: A-Z 587 The Stratificational approa
Page 618 and 619: A-Z 589 actually, langue and parole
Page 620 and 621: Stylistics Stylistics is the study
Page 622 and 623: A-Z 593 used in the various Epistle
Page 624 and 625: A-Z 595 paradigmatic axis. However,
Page 626 and 627: A-Z 597 order to illustrate the imp
Page 628 and 629: A-Z 599 One of the few exceptions i
Page 630 and 631: A-Z 601 epizeuxis: repetition of a
Page 632 and 633:
Systemic grammar This article is be
Page 634 and 635:
A-Z 605 serve’ (ibid.). But these
Page 636 and 637:
A-Z 607 ‘active’ actor, active
Page 638 and 639:
A-Z 609 structure has to be generat
Page 640 and 641:
A-Z 611 each level may either be co
Page 642 and 643:
p. 11; Pike, 1982, p. 82). There ar
Page 644 and 645:
A-Z 615 STYLISTICS); concentration
Page 646 and 647:
A-Z 617 developed at the end of the
Page 648 and 649:
A-Z 619 particular needs of the lea
Page 650 and 651:
As Hoey points out (1983-4, p. 1),
Page 652 and 653:
A-Z 623 Van Dijk reasoned that the
Page 654 and 655:
A-Z 625 His work on clause relation
Page 656 and 657:
A-Z 627 item is often listed as a s
Page 658 and 659:
The most typical discourse pattern
Page 660 and 661:
A-Z 631 Planning in discourse invol
Page 662 and 663:
A-Z 633 NATURALNESS In Text Linguis
Page 664 and 665:
Tone languages All the languages in
Page 666 and 667:
A-Z 637 different moods; the meanin
Page 668 and 669:
A-Z 639 notice that they are less t
Page 670 and 671:
A-Z 641 (Carding, 1973). Among Slav
Page 672 and 673:
Traditional grammar By traditional
Page 674 and 675:
A-Z 645 grammar of Latin. Such gram
Page 676 and 677:
A-Z 647 NUMBER, singular and plural
Page 678 and 679:
sentences are ambiguous, i.e. that
Page 680 and 681:
Figure 2 A-Z 651 dominates it, as s
Page 682 and 683:
figure 3 A-Z 653 agree in number, a
Page 684 and 685:
A-Z 655 Within this model all sente
Page 686 and 687:
A-Z 657 routes that have destroyed
Page 688 and 689:
A-Z 659 much so that within a few y
Page 690 and 691:
A-Z 661 transmitted the enemy propa
Page 692 and 693:
A-Z 663 projection, though there ma
Page 694 and 695:
A-Z 665 the PP is governed by the p
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
A-Z 669 The subject of these tablet
Page 700 and 701:
A-Z 671 is made up purely of conson
Page 702 and 703:
A-Z 673 In addition, Chinese contai
Page 704 and 705:
A-Z 675 separate sign for the sound
Page 706 and 707:
Bibliography 677 Allwood, J., Ander
Page 708 and 709:
Bibliography 679 Belsey, C. (1980),
Page 710 and 711:
Bibliography 681 Boyes-Braem, P. (1
Page 712 and 713:
Bibliography 683 Carter, B. Jr (196
Page 714 and 715:
Bibliography 685 Coleman, D.W. (198
Page 716 and 717:
Bibliography 687 DeCamp, D. (1971b)
Page 718 and 719:
Bibliography 689 Edmundson, W. (198
Page 720 and 721:
Bibliography 691 Fodor, J.D. and Fr
Page 722 and 723:
Bibliography 693 Garside, R., Leech
Page 724 and 725:
Bibliography 695 Halliday, M.A.K. (
Page 726 and 727:
Bibliography 697 Hjelmslev, L. (197
Page 728 and 729:
Bibliography 699 Ingram, D. (1985),
Page 730 and 731:
Bibliography 701 Kastovsky, D. (198
Page 732 and 733:
Bibliography 703 Kurath, H. et al.
Page 734 and 735:
Bibliography 705 Lesniewski, S. (19
Page 736 and 737:
Bibliography 707 McCawley, J.D. (19
Page 738 and 739:
Bibliography 709 Miller, N. (1986),
Page 740 and 741:
Bibliography 711 Nooteboom, S.G. (1
Page 742 and 743:
Bibliography 713 Pike, K.L. (1945),
Page 744 and 745:
Bibliography 715 Ross, J.R. (1970),
Page 746 and 747:
Bibliography 717 Schubert, R.D. and
Page 748 and 749:
Bibliography 719 Slobin, D.I. (1977
Page 750 and 751:
Bibliography 721 Swadesh, M. (1934)
Page 752 and 753:
Bibliography 723 Valdman, A. and Hi
Page 754 and 755:
Bibliography 725 Williams, E. (1981
Page 756 and 757:
Index Entries are in letter-by-lett
Page 758 and 759:
Index 729 alpha fibres, neurolingui
Page 760 and 761:
Index 731 articles, historical ling
Page 762 and 763:
Index 733 best-match strategy 369 B
Page 764 and 765:
Index 735 CD (conceptual dependency
Page 766 and 767:
Index 737 compatibility, tolerance
Page 768 and 769:
Index 739 non-linguistic, in childr
Page 770 and 771:
Index 741 deaf, sign language 405-1
Page 772 and 773:
Index 743 and lexis 304-5 discourse
Page 774 and 775:
Index 745 text linguistics 463, 464
Page 776 and 777:
Index 747 set theory 401-2, 404 ext
Page 778 and 779:
Index 749 case 67 discourse analysi
Page 780 and 781:
Index 751 Gilliéron, J., dialect s
Page 782 and 783:
Index 753 head parameter, language
Page 784 and 785:
Index 755 incompatible terms, anton
Page 786 and 787:
intransitive processes, systemic gr
Page 788 and 789:
Index 759 language pathology; speec
Page 790 and 791:
Index 761 Lieberman, P., origin of
Page 792 and 793:
Index 763 marker, act in discourse
Page 794 and 795:
Index 765 Montague, R., Montague gr
Page 796 and 797:
Index 767 neologisms aphasia 18 sty
Page 798 and 799:
Index 769 one-word stage 244 on-lin
Page 800 and 801:
Index 771 componential analysis 397
Page 802 and 803:
Index 773 CV- 170 functional 146-52
Page 804 and 805:
Index 775 prepositions historical l
Page 806 and 807:
psycholinguistics 362 psychological
Page 808 and 809:
Index 779 request, speech-act theor
Page 810 and 811:
Index 781 semantic change, historic
Page 812 and 813:
Index 783 singular number, traditio
Page 814 and 815:
Index 785 statement, speech act 422
Page 816 and 817:
Index 787 generative semantics 171,
Page 818 and 819:
Index 789 semiotics 401 speech act
Page 820 and 821:
Index 791 transitive relation, set
Page 822 and 823:
Index 793 vagueness, linguistic exp
Page 824:
language typology 274-5 see also le
show all

Linguistics Encyclopedia.pdf

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?