Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region 294 United Nations International Drug Control Programme (2002a) . Drug Use at the ‘Margins’ of Vietnam: subregional project for the development of institutional capacity for demand reduction among high risk groups . (C75) . Report 18/2002 . Bangkok: UNDCP, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific . United Nations International Drug Control Programme (2002b) . Drug Use by the Youth of Vietnam: subregional project for the development of institutional capacity for demand reduction among high risk groups . (C75) . Bangkok: UNDCP, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2002a) . Drug Abuse in Hanoi: insights and implications for intervention . Hanoi: UNODC . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2002b) . United Nations International Drug Control Programme in Vietnam . Hanoi: UNDCP . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2003a) . Men Fly to Heaven, Women Go to Hell: gender implications of drug abuse . Hanoi: UNODC . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2003b) . Vietnam: Country Profile . Hanoi: UNODC . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2004a) . Amphetamine-type Stimulants in East Asia and the Pacific . Bangkok: UNODC, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2004b) . Interdiction and Seizure Capacity Building with Special Emphasis on ATS and Precusors . Hanoi: UNODC . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2004c) . Review and Assessment of the Current Organizational Structure and Situation on Drug Control in Vietnam and Capacity to Respond to the Emergent Drug RelatedIissues . Bangkok: UNODC . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2004d) . World Drug Report . Volume 1: Statistics . Vienna: United Nations . United States Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (2004a) . International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: South East Asia . Washington DC: US Dept of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs . United States Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (2004b) . International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: South East Asia: Vietnam . Washington DC: US Dept of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs . Vietnam Economics Times (2005) . Vietnam succeeds in producing detoxification medicine . Vietnam Economics Times, 21 January 2005: 2 . Vietnam News Agency (2004) . Vietnam and Thailand join forces in drug fight . Vietnam News, 15 September 2004 . Vinh, D .Q . (2002) . A Qualitative Study on HIV Risk among Injecting Drug Users in Vietnam: reasons for sharing syringes and needles [Masters thesis in Medical Anthropology] . Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam . Vu, M ., Go, V ., Bergenstrom, A ., Pham, N ., Le, V . and Nguyen, P . (2004) . HIV and HCP prevalence rates and associated risk factors among injection drug users in northern Vietnam . Paper presneted at 15th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm, Melbourne, 20–24 April 2004 . Walsh, N . (2003) . Assessment of Centre for Harm Reduction Activities in Vietnam: 2003 . Melbourne: Burnet Institute, Centre for Harm Reduction . Walsh, N ., Higgs, P . and Crofts, N . (2004) . HCV HIV Coinfection hyperendemic in injecting drug users in Viet Nam: implications for treatment strategies . Paper presented at 4th Australasian Hepatitis C Conference, Canberra, 31 August – 2 September 2004, Poster 11 . Westermyer, J ., Lyfoung, T ., Westermyer, M . and Neider, J . (1991) . Opium addiction among Indochinese refugees in the United States: characteristics of addicts and their opium use . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 17(3): 267–277 . World Health Organization (2004) . Country Health Information Profile: Vietnam . Manila: World Health Organization . 295 Country profiles: Vietnam
Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region 296 A14 . Pacific overview Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, and Tonga This overview is a synthesis of information reported by key informants, group interview participants, regional overviews undertaken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the United States Drug Enforcement Agency, and other published documents . There are large gaps in publicly available documentation in relation to illicit drug use in the Pacific . There are no national population estimates for drug use in the Pacific . Moreover, concerted investigations to define the extent of the drug use, such as in-country rapid assessments, have not been undertaken in the last five years . For this reason, this desk-based situational analysis has taken an extremely conservative approach to the reporting of illicit drug use issues and the responses being undertaken in Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa and Tonga . Geography The Pacific Islands comprise a group of 22 small states (14 independent nations, 7 territories, 1 commonwealth) and numerous uninhabited islands . The area occupied by the islands ranges from 10,000 kilometres east–west and 5000 kilometres north–south . An estimated 7500 to 10,000 remote islands lie within this area (Central Intelligence Agency, 2004; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2003) . With the exception of Papua New Guinea, the majority of the Pacific countries are short of land and have few exploitable natural resources . Fertile, arable and well-mineralised soils are limited to the larger mountainous volcanic land masses of the south-west region (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Fiji and Vanuatu) (Central Intelligence Agency, 2004; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2003) . Population The Pacific is a region of great ethnic, social and cultural diversity, with a population of 7 .6 million (2000 estimate) and more than 1200 languages and dialects (Nejo, 2001) . Most of the countries in the Pacific share similar demographic attributes, a young population, low mortality and a highly mobile population and labour force (Central Intelligence Agency, 2004) . In the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu approximately 40 per cent of the population is under 15 years of age (Central Intelligence Agency, 2004) . People in the Pacific live primarily in rural areas: in Melanesian countries such as Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands, over 80 per cent of the population live in isolated villages and outer island communities, while other countries such as Kiribati and Fiji have nearly half the population in urban centres . Rural–urban drift is, however, on the increase in many countries (Nejo, 2001) . Limited and unreliable data exist on the unemployment situation in the Pacific countries . Nevertheless, other social indicators and key informants suggest that there is a large unemployed youth labour force (Central Intelligence Agency, 2004; Nejo, 2001) . The lack of sense of hope and purpose stemming from the lack of employment or education opportunities encourages risk-taking behaviour linked to drug and alcohol abuse . Literacy rates are quite high in some areas of the Pacific compared to other developing countries (Central Intelligence Agency, 2004; Nejo, 2001) . In Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga rates of literacy are approximately 95 per cent . In larger Melanesian countries where basic education is not widely available, literacy rates vary from 20 to 64 per cent . Less than half of the Pacific Island youth complete secondary school (15–19 years of age) and only 1–5 per cent complete some form of tertiary education (Central Intelligence Agency, 2004; Nejo, 2001) . Politics and economy Many of the countries obtained independence from their colonisers only in the last 30 years . Some, such as French Polynesia and New Caledonia, are still governed by distant state powers . Thus, the islands have inherited a range of legal and judicial systems that impede the establishment of regional policies on drug control (Central Intelligence Agency, 2004; Nejo, 2001) . Reliable economic data are unavailable for Pacific countries . However, indications are that the economic development of most of the Pacific Islands is hindered by the geographical factors of the area: small size, paucity of natural resources, isolation from foreign markets, periodic devastation from natural disasters, and inadequate infrastructure (Central Intelligence Agency, 2004; Nejo, 2001) . 297 Country profiles: Pacific overview
Page 1 and 2:
situational analysis of illicit dru
Page 3 and 4:
© Australian National Council on D
Page 5 and 6:
Situational analysis of illicit dru
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112: Situational analysis of illicit dru
Page 161: Situational analysis of illicit dru
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215:
show all

Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?