Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

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Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region 94 To control the use of inhalant substances there is the Emergency (Intoxicating Substances) Order 1991, in which the penalty is a fine of not more than BND$3,000 (US$1,628) or imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or both (Narcotics Control Bureau, 2001) . The government’s position on national drug control is that law enforcement is a sufficient and suitable deterrent (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2003) . The Narcotics Control Board is under the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), and as a result most policies are formulated by the PMO . The PMO has recently launched its strategic plan . Policies on drug-related issues are clearly stated in the plan and available to all [although at the time of writing a copy of the plan was not able to be accessed] (Narcotics Control Bureau, personal communication, 2005) . Law enforcement responses The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is the lead agency in dealing with drug-related issues . The annual budget for law enforcement with regard to drug-related issues is about BND$7,000,000 (US$4,000,000) (Narcotics Control Bureau personal communication, 2005) . In 2003, there were 64 people inside prison receiving drug treatment in relation to methamphetamine use, lower than in 2002 . The drug treatment program within prison consists of detoxification, counselling, civic treatment, work therapy (vocation), religious training, and moral and spiritual treatments (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2004a) . Mandatory drug rehabilitation takes place at the sole drug rehabilitation facility, which accommodates 60 men and 10 women: the Rumah Al-Islah Rehabilitation Centre, which is under the purview of the Prisons Department, Ministry of Home Affairs (Narcotics Control Bureau, personal communication, 2005) . The three ways of admission are by Court Order, Minister’s Order and on voluntary order . Upon admission the person is required to undergo detoxification for a period not exceeding 14 days . After detoxification the inmate undertakes an orientation program for one week . The rehabilitation program includes physical, psychological, social, moral and civic rehabilitation (it is not clear how long the program runs) . After conviction by the court, or release from prison or a rehabilitation centre, a person must be enrolled in a supervision scheme . Regulations include reporting to a supervision officer at a particular time and place, providing urine samples when required and the possibility of having a blood sample taken when requested (Narcotics Control Bureau, 2004) . The duration of drug supervision is from 6 to 24 months, while for those with an inhalant conviction the supervision is for 6 to12 months . If the person is able to successfully follow the program, they can be recommended for release . If a person is found to have committed an offence while under supervision, they will be brought to a court for prosecution (Narcotics Control Bureau, 2001, 2004) . In 2003, the total number admitted to the supervision scheme by a referring agency that included Rumah Al-Islah, prison, court and the NCB was 257 . Also in 2003, the number of violations of various sections of the Misuse of Drugs Act or Misuse of Drug Regulations while under a supervision order was over 100 cases (Narcotics Control Bureau, 2004) . There are no reports, data or assessments of how successful such rehabilitation programs have been . Health and drug treatment responses Brunei offers a free medical and health care service, provided by government hospitals, health centres and health clinics throughout the country . In more remote parts of the country, primary health care is offered by Flying Medical Services . There are two private hospitals and a military hospital (World Health Organization, 2004d) . However, drug treatment does not sit within the health system but under the Prisons Department, Ministry of Home Affairs (Narcotics Control Bureau, 2004) (see under Law enforcement responses for greater details) . There are no known NGOs that focus their efforts on drug users or drug use issues . The Government of Brunei considers drug problems a concern, but does not consider consumption to be widespread; in particular, there is little acknowledgement of the existence of IDU . As a result there has been little or no response to this issue . There are no drug substitution therapy programs in operation, nor are they under consideration . There is a strong belief that the draconian laws imposed against drug use should be a sufficient deterrent . All information, education and communication materials are strongly focused on demand reduction . It does not appear that there is any information specifically targeting drug users to minimise their risks except the message ‘say no to drugs’ . The number of people accessing drug treatment services in 2003 was 104 persons (Narcotics Control Bureau, personal communication, 2005) . If a person under supervision was found to relapse, they would be brought to court for prosecution (Narcotics Control Bureau, 2004) . It can be assumed a similar outcome would be implemented for those having relapsed following the completion of a drug supervision period of 6–24 months . Other responses School-based education Anti-drug messages to create awareness about the risk and effects of drug use targeting school students were common . Representatives from various government departments including those from the Narcotics Control Bureau, the Royal Brunei Police Force, the Ministry of Health and the Prison Department would present anti-drug messages to students . The highlight of the presentation to students (at times with representatives from primary school years four to six) concluded with a demonstration of caning (of a dummy) on stage (Kon, 2004) . International funding Brunei Darussalam does not receive any direct international funding to deal with drug-related issues from a law enforcement perspective or from health-related treatment or preventative education . However, Brunei Darussalam received many offers on courses and trainings related to drug issues from international bodies; for example, from International Law Enforcement Agencies (ILEA), Office of Narcotics Board, Bangkok, Thailand, and others (Narcotics Control Bureau, personal communication, 2005) . 95 Country profiles: Brunei Darussalam
Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region 96 A1 .7 References Aceijas, C ., Stimson, G ., Hickman, M . and Rhodes, T . (2004) . Global overview of injecting drug use and HIV infection among injecting drug users . AIDS 18: 2295–2303 . Brunei Direct (2004) . Uniformed man nabbed for using syabu . Brunei Direct/ Borneo Bulletin: http://www .brudirect .com/ DailyInfo/News/Archive/Dec04/021204/ nite08 .htm, accessed 30 January 2005 . Kon, J . (2004) . Anti-drug talk at Dato Basir Primary School . World Corporal Punishment Research: http://www .corpun .com/bnj00405 .htm, accessed 28 December 2004 . Narcotics Control Bureau (2001) . Drug Statistics, Drug Laws and Supervision Scheme . Government of Brunei Darussalam, NCB . Narcotics Control Bureau (2004) . Drug Statistics, Drug Laws and Supervision Scheme . Government of Brunei Darussalam, NCB website: http://www .narcotics .gov .bn . United Nations Development Programme (2004) . Human Development Reports 2003: Indicators . New York: United Nations Development Programme . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2003) . Regional Profile for South East Asia 2002 . Bangkok: UNODC Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2004a) . Amphetamine-type Stimulants in East Asia and the Pacific . Bangkok: UNODC, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2004b) . World Drug Report . Volume 1: Statistics . Vienna: United Nations . United States Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (2001) . International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: South East Asia: Brunei . Washington DC: US Dept of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs . United States Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (2004) . International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: South East Asia: Malaysia . Washington DC: US Dept of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs . World Health Organization (2001) . HIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific Region . Manila: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific . World Health Organization (2004) . Country Health Information Profile: Brunei Darussalam . Manila: WHO, Western Pacific and South-East Asia . World Health Organization (2005) . Brunei Update of HIV/AIDS, STI Epidemiology . Manila: WHO, Western Pacific and South East Asia . A2 . Cambodia Geography Located in south-eastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam and Laos, Cambodia consists of mostly low, flat plains; mountains in south-west and north . Arable land: 20 .96% Permanent crops: 0 .61% Other: 78 .43% (2001) Government Multi-party democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993 (source: CIA website — http://www .cia .gov/cia/publications/factbook/ fields/2128 .html — accessed 15 March 2005) Chief of state: King Norodom Sihamoni (since 29 October 2004) Head of government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 14 January 1985) and Deputy Prime Ministers Sar Kheng (since 3 February 1992), Norodom Sirivudh, Sok An, Lu Lay Sreng, Tea Banh, Hor Namhong, Nhek Bunchhay (since 16 July 2004) Note: The monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named Prime Minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the King . Elections: National Assembly — last held 27 July 2003 (next to be held in July 2008); Senate — last held 2 March 1999 (scheduled to be held in 2004 but delayed) Population 13,363,421 Note: Estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est .) . Median age: 19 .5 years Age structure: 0–14 years: 38 .3% 15–64 years: 58 .6% 65 years and over: 3 .1% (2004 est .) Human development index HDI rank 130 (177 countries) 97 Country profiles: Cambodia
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Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

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