Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

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Appendix A: Country profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 A1 Brunei Darussalam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 A2 Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 A3 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 A4 Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region, China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 A5 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 A6 Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 A7 Macao (Special Administrative Region, China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 A8 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 A9 Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 A10 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 A11 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 A12 Timor-Leste (East Timor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 A13 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 iv A14 Pacific overview: Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, v Samoa and Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Appendix B: Regional aid projects, in full . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 B1 International regional efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 B2 Australia’s regional efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 B3 Country efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 B3 .1 Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 B3 .2 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 B3 .3 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347 B3 .4 Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 B3 .5 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 B3 .6 Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356 B3 .7 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367 B3 .8 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370 B3 .9 Timor-Leste (East Timor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 B3 .10 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 B3 .11 The Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386 B4 Multi-country projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393 B5 Summary table of regional projects — Australian and international . . . . . . . . .394 Tables and figures Tables A2 .1 Summary of illicit drug-related arrests and seizures in Cambodia by law enforcement agencies, 2002–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 A6 .1 Prevalence of drug use for students at three sites in Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 A6 .2 Prevalence of drug use for three different population groups in Vientiane, Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 A6 .3 Amount of drugs seized in Lao PDR, 1999–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 A6 .4 Penalties for narcotic possession in Lao PDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 A9 .1 Seizures of illicit drugs in Myanmar, 1996–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 A10 .1 Availability ratings for ecstasy, shabu and cannabis by survey respondents, Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 A10 .2 Seizures of illicit drugs in Philippines, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 A10 .3 Category of drug-related arrests as a result of law enforcement operations, Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 A10 .4 Drug prices in Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 A10 .5 Dangerous drugs — unlawful acts and penalties in Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . .244 A11 .1 Narcotic-related arrests in Thailand, 1999–July 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 A11 .2 Legislation relating to drug issues in Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 A11 .3 Maximum drug amounts (in possession) to be considered a drug user in Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 A14 .1 Country profile summary for Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa and Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 A14 .2 Drug use in Pacific countries by drug type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 A14 .3 Commercial cultivation of cannabis in Pacific countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 A14 .4 Seizures of illicit drugs in the Pacific, 2000–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 A14 .5 Adherence to narcotics treaties by Pacific countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 B3 .9 .1 Narcotic-related financial assistance by US Government in Thailand, 2003 . . .376 Figures A6 .1 Percentage of Laotian opium users undergoing treatment, by age . . . . . . . . . .174 A10 .1 Number of dismantled drug laboratories in Philippines, 1997–2004 . . . . . . . .236 A11 .1 Number of drug seizures by drug type in Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region vi Acknowledgements The researchers wish to acknowledge the support and cooperation of all of the people who made valuable contributions to our understandings of drug use and responses in the countries reviewed . The team is grateful to all the colleagues who reviewed drafts of the country profiles and provided valuable comments: Pacific: Professor Mac Marshall, Nic MacClellan, Judith Leveillee, Ruth Holland, Harley Stanton, Shaun Evans Cambodia: Graham Shaw China: Liu Zhimin Hong Kong: Yuet Cheung Indonesia: Elizabeth Pisani and Elizabeth Emrys Laos: Damien Hoy Macao: Celeste Vong Malaysia: Adeeba bte Kamarulzaman Myanmar: Willie DeMaere and Dr Myo Lwin Philippines: Carmina A . Aquino, M .D ., Lheng Matibag Thailand: Nick Thompson Vietnam: Khuat Thi Hai Oanh, Peter Higgs and Nick Walsh The authors would like to acknowledge the advisory roles of Professor Nick Crofts, Associate Professor Alison Ritter and Dr David Jacka . The team is also very appreciative of the research assistance provided by Helena Faulkner . Finally, the support of the ANCD’s Asia– Pacific Drug Issues Committee is sincerely appreciated . Executive summary Context In October 2003 the Prime Minister announced that the Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) had been asked to increase Australia’s involvement throughout the Asia–Pacific region, specifically to promote the prevention and reduction of drug use, and treatment for those with drug problems . To provide appropriate advice to the Australian Government, the ANCD formed a committee of individuals with a broad range of experience and expertise in drug policy and in Asia and the Pacific . The mission of the Asia–Pacific Drug Issues Committee (APDIC) is to advise the ANCD and the Australian Government on ways to maximise Australia’s response to and leadership and impact on Asia–Pacific regional illicit drug issues . In order to provide a foundation for its work, in November 2004 APDIC contracted the Burnet Institute’s Centre for Harm Reduction and Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre to undertake a situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia– Pacific region . The project was desk-based; data sources included published and unpublished literature and information from key informants and regional institutions . For the purposes of this project the Asia–Pacific region was deemed to include the countries involved in the ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations in Response to Dangerous Drugs (ACCORD), and those Pacific nations of interest to AusAID . The situational analysis focused on the unsanctioned use of all illicit drugs and directly related harms, with consideration of pharmaceutical drugs limited to their intentional misuse . The body of this report provides a brief summary of the current illicit drug use situation, country responses to illicit drug issues, and Australian and international involvement in relation to illicit drugs for each country . More detailed analysis about each country, complete with referencing, is contained in Appendix A; and Australian and international project information, available at the time of the research, is outlined in Appendix B . The executive summary gives a broad overview of these data with findings for Asia and the Pacific presented separately . The first thing to note about illicit drug production and use in Asia is its scale — the amount of illicit drugs produced, especially heroin and amphetamine-type substances (ATS), is measurable in many tonnes per year; numbers of people using and dependent on illicit drugs run into the millions across the region . Issues of such magnitude challenge the capacity of developed nations, let alone those that are attempting to hasten social and economic development, often from a low base . Second, there is a profound impact on every level and sector of society of the illicit drug trade and use . Some aspects of this impact are especially iniquitous to the attainment of development goals, such as corruption, which are commonly linked with the drug trade and can be particularly destructive in regard to law enforcement . vii Executive summary
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