Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region 46 2 .8 .7 Australia’s involvement Project title Donor Implementing agency Duration Project focus Start/end year Budget $US Geographical areas Three AFP liaison officers AFP Kuala Lumpur MOU between the AFP and the Royal Malaysian Police is awaiting signature AFP 2 .8 .8 International involvement Project title Donor Implementing agency Duration Project focus Start/end year Budget $US Geographical areas Implementing ILO Universiti Sains 2 years Outreach a community outreach program among drug users Malaysia Treatment and rehabilitation Implementing WHO Universiti Sains 2 years Outreach a community outreach program among drug users Malaysia 47 Country summaries: Malaysia
Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region 48 2 .9 Myanmar Population: 42,720,196 2 .9 .1 Overview of recent drug trends Opium, heroin and amphetamine-type substances (ATS) are the most commonly used drugs in Myanmar . The use of cannabis, codeine and tranquillisers has also been reported but to a lesser extent . Heroin use predominates in the Kachin State, Northern Shan State and in the major cities, while opium use is more common in Eastern and Southern Shan State and in the Kayah State . Arrest and seizure data suggest that drug use is mainly a male phenomenon . 2 .9 .2 Prevalence of drug use There were 62,000 registered drug users in Myanmar in 2002; however, this figure is considered to be a drastic underestimation of the overall number of drug users in the country . Estimates of the total number of drug users in Myanmar range between 300,000 and 400,000 people, of which about 140,000 use injection as their preferred method of administration . In studies involving school-attending youth, about 15 per cent of students reported using drugs in their lifetime with non-prescribed cough medicine (9%), diazepam (4%) and cannabis (2%) being the most commonly reported . There is an overall trend toward increased drug use in Myanmar . 2 .9 .3 Drug supply Myanmar is the world’s second-largest producer of opium and is thought to be one of the largest producers of ATS . In 2004, Myanmar produced 370 metric tonnes of opium and approximately 700 million ATS tablets, which corresponds to about 7 .5 per cent of total global manufacture . Sustained crop eradication efforts have consistently reduced the overall quantity of opium produced in Myanmar over the past 10 years . Opium cultivation has also been banned by leaders in the autonomously controlled special regions 1 and 2 . The reduction in opium production and disruption of some drug trafficking groups have corresponded with a reduction in the amount of heroin seized recently . ATS production grew rapidly in Myanmar from 1996 with a peak in 2001 . Production is thought to have remained stable since then . 2 .9 .4 Drug-taking practices, risk factors and trends As opium becomes less available, a number of new trends are emerging among drug users in Myanmar . There is a shift toward ATS and heroin use and rapid uptake of injecting as the preferred method of administration for heroin . 2 .9 .5 Summary table The greatest risk associated with IDU in Myanmar is HIV . It is estimated that about 30 per cent of all HIV cases in Myanmar are IDUs with HIV prevalence of 50–90 per cent among this group . Needle sharing is the norm in Myanmar . Factors such as poor access to clean needles and poor knowledge about HIV lead many IDUs to share their injecting equipment . Estimated number of current drug users 300,000–400,000 (~140,000 IDUs) Main drugs used Heroin, opium, methamphetamines, cannabis, codeine and tranquillisers Drugs injected Heroin, sometimes mixed with tranquillisers Estimated prevalence of 70% HIV infection among IDUs 49 Country summaries: Myanmar
Page 1 and 2: situational analysis of illicit dru
Page 3 and 4: © Australian National Council on D
Page 5 and 6: Situational analysis of illicit dru
Page 37: Situational analysis of illicit dru
Page 89 and 90:
Situational analysis of illicit dru
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215:
show all

Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?