Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

© Australian National Council on Drugs 2006
This work is copyright . Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part
may be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the publisher .
Published by the Australian National Council on Drugs
PO Box 1552, Canberra ACT 2601
Telephone: 02 6279 1650
Fax: 02 6279 1610
Email: ancd@ancd .org .au
Website: www .ancd .org .au
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data
Devaney, Madonna .
Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region .
Bibliography .
ISBN 1 877018 14 7 .
1 . Drug abuse — Asia . 2 . Drug abuse — Pacific Area . 3 . Drug traffic — Asia .
4 . Drug traffic — Pacific Area . 5 . Drug control — Asia . 6 . Drug control — Pacific Area .
7 . Australia — Foreign relations — Asia . 8 . Australia — Foreign relations — Pacific Area .
I . Reid, Gary . II . Baldwin, Simon . III . Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research .
Centre for Harm Reduction . IV . Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre (Vic .) .
V . Australian National Council on Drugs . VI . Title . (Series: ANCD Research Paper; no . 12) .
362 .29095
Editor: Julie Stokes
Design: Starkis Design
Printer: New Millennium Print
Acknowledgement:
This work has been supported by funding from
the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing .
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors
and are not necessarily those of the ANCD or the Australian Government .
Contents
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Illicit drug issues and responses in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Illicit drug issues and responses in the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
1 Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses
in the Asia–Pacific region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 .1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1 .2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
2 Country summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 .1 Brunei Darussalam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
2 .2 Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2 .3 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
2 .4 Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
2 .5 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
2 .6 Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
2 .7 Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
2 .8 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
2 .9 Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
2 .10 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
2 .11 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
2 .12 Timor-Leste (East Timor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
2 .13 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
2 .14 The Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
iii