Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

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Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region 38 2 .6 .7 Australia’s involvement Project title Donor Implementing agency Duration Project focus Start/end year Budget $US Geographical areas Health risks of ethnic groups along the Lao– Thai border: social and economic consequences of the National Road 3 construction 2 .6 .8 International involvement Rockefeller Foundation Department of Anthropology, Macquarie University 2 years Research the health risks of ethnic groups along the Lao–Thai border: social and economic consequences of the National Road 3 construction 2005–2007 Project title Donor Implementing agency Duration Project focus Start/end year Budget $US Geographical areas Beng Alternative Development Micro-Project Drug control capacity building in the Lao PDR Drug supply and demand reduction in border areas of the north-western Lao PDR United Nations Nonghet Alternative Development Project UNODC Laos Income generation Reduced opium cultivation Detoxification UNODC Laos Establishing national drug control regulation and data collection systems UNODC Laos Reduce opium production and consumption among ethnic minorities in the highlands communities of Luang Namtha Province UNODC Lao Reduction of opium consumption through alternative development and treatment Lao–American Project Multiple Ongoing Rural development Drug Use and HIV Risk Reduction Drug treatment UNODC Burnet Institute, Laos 3 months Law enforcement Assess extent of ATS use in three provinces . Assess extent of ATS use and HIV implications in three provinces . Assess the level of injecting drug use in three provinces . $2 million (2004 financial year) Beng, northern Lao PDR National Border areas of the north-western Lao PDR National 2005 Phongsali Luang Namtha Bolikhamxay 39 Country summaries: Laos
Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia–Pacific region 40 2 .7 Macao Population: 425,286 2 .7 .1 Overview of recent drug trends The dominant drug of choice is heroin . However, many drug users consume cannabis, methamphetamine, ketamine, cocaine and various other pills, usually amphetaminetype substances — mainly ecstasy, MDMA and a variety of sedatives . Statistics indicate that heroin use has been declining in recent years . 2 .7 .2 Prevalence of drug use In 2003, 634 drug users were registered with the authorities, an increase of 18 per cent compared to 2002 . No formal estimates exist of overall numbers of drug users, but a recent study suggested there were about 3700 heroin users, or 0 .87 per cent of the population . There may be as many as 900 injecting drug users (IDUs), but this is likely to be an under-estimate considering that most heroin users are injectors . 2 .7 .5 Summary table 2 .7 .3 Drug supply There is no evidence to indicate that Macao is a drug-producing country . Main sources of illegal drugs entering Macao are mainland China, Hong Kong and other parts of Southeast Asia . Most narcotics originate from the Golden Triangle . Adolescent drug users are crossing into mainland China, particularly Guangdong Province, for drug trafficking and consumption . 2 .7 .4 Drug-taking practices, risk factors and trends The favoured method of administering heroin is injecting, followed by fume inhalation . Ketamine and ecstasy are usually ingested and most drink alcohol with these drugs . The sharing of needles among IDUs is common practice: most have difficulty accessing injecting equipment at night when stores and pharmacies are closed . In 2001, there were 13 HIV cases among IDUs, 5 per cent of the total . In 2004, there were 18 HIV cases among IDUs, 60 per cent of the total . This significant proportion among this group of people has become a matter of concern for public health authorities . Hepatitis C prevalence among IDUs has been reported at 69 per cent and hepatitis B infection at 13 per cent . Information about sexual risk behaviours was not available . Estimated number of current drug users Unknown, but an estimated 3700 heroin users and 500–900 injecting drug users Main drugs used Heroin, cannabis, ‘ice’, methamphetamine, ketamine, cocaine and various other pills usually of ATS quality, mainly ecstasy, MDMA and sedatives Drugs injected Heroin Estimated prevalence of HIV infection among IDUs Unknown . In 2004, there were 18 HIV cases among IDUs, comprising 60% of the total . 2 .7 .6 Country responses Policy and legislation Agreements and treaties 1961, 1971, 1988 UN Drug Conventions National drug control policy Main drug control legislation Drug control policy lead agency Aimed at supply control and demand reduction . Includes legislative means and implementing the law to stop crimes associated with drugs; and to focus on prevention and treatment of drug dependence . Act 4/2001 governs 19 drugs and psychotropic substances . Implemented by public entities, under the supervision of the Under-Secretaries for Administration and Justice; Security (related departments include Public Security Police, Judicial Police, Marine Police and Macao Prison) and Social Affairs and Culture (related departments include Health Bureau and Social Welfare Institute) . Law enforcement bodies Judicial and Security Police Drug use addressed in last Yes National HIV/AIDS Plan Possession of Yes N&S unlawful Harm reduction Harm reduction is not well accepted but recently limited substitution therapy has been implemented for HIV-positive drug users . Needle and syringe No programs (NSPs) Peer-based approaches Exist but limited Supply reduction The Narcotics Section of the Macao Judicial Police is responsible for issues of drug trafficking, drug use and also planning for the larger operations to prevent drug-related activities . Its missions are supported by other security agencies . The Judicial Police has its own anti-trafficking section and over the past 40 years they have played an important role in the suppression of drug trafficking and consumption . Crop eradication No Demand reduction The Department for Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence of the Social Welfare Institute is responsible for the planning and execution of anti-drug prevention and treatment work . 41 Country summaries: Macao
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Illicit Drug use in the Asia Pacific Region - Burnet Institute

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