Limitation of Actions Consultation - Law Commission

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4A. Time limit for actions for defamation or malicious falsehood The time limit under section 2 of this Act shall not apply to an action for-- (a) libel or slander, or (b) slander of title, slander of goods or other malicious falsehood, but no such action shall be brought after the expiration of one year from the date on which the cause of action accrued. Actions founded on simple contract 5 Time limit for actions founded on simple contract An action founded on simple contract shall not be brought after the expiration of six years from the date on which the cause of action accrued. 6 Special time limit for actions in respect of certain loans (1) Subject to subsection (3) below, section 5 of this Act shall not bar the right of action on a contract of loan to which this section applies. (2) This section applies to any contract of loan which-- (a) does not provide for repayment of the debt on or before a fixed or determinable date; and (b) does not effectively (whether or not it purports to do so) make the obligation to repay the debt conditional on a demand for repayment made by or on behalf of the creditor or on any other matter; except where in connection with taking the loan the debtor enters into any collateral obligation to pay the amount of the debt or any part of it (as, for example, by delivering a promissory note as security for the debt) on terms which would exclude the application of this section to the contract of loan if they applied directly to repayment of the debt. (3) Where a demand in writing for repayment of the debt under a contract of loan to which this section applies is made by or on behalf of the creditor (or, where there are joint creditors, by or on behalf of any one of them) section 5 of this Act shall thereupon apply as if the cause of action to recover the debt had accrued on the date on which the demand was made. (4) In this section "promissory note" has the same meaning as in the Bills of Exchange Act 1882. 418
7 Time limit for actions to enforce certain awards An action to enforce an award, where the submission is not by an instrument under seal, shall not be brought after the expiration of six years from the date on which the cause of action accrued. General rule for actions on a specialty 8 Time limit for actions on a specialty (1) An action upon a specialty shall not be brought after the expiration of twelve years from the date on which the cause of action accrued. (2) Subsection (1) above shall not affect any action for which a shorter period of limitation is prescribed by any other provision of this Act. Actions for sums recoverable by statute 9 Time limit for actions for sums recoverable by statute (1) An action to recover any sum recoverable by virtue of any enactment shall not be brought after the expiration of six years from the date on which the cause of action accrued. (2) Subsection (1) above shall not affect any action to which section 10 of this Act applies. 10 Special time limit for claiming contribution (1) Where under section 1 of the Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978 any person becomes entitled to a right to recover contribution in respect of any damage from any other person, no action to recover contribution by virtue of that right shall be brought after the expiration of two years from the date on which that right accrued. (2) For the purposes of this section the date on which a right to recover contribution in respect of any damage accrues to any person (referred to below in this section as "the relevant date") shall be ascertained as provided in subsections (3) and (4) below. (3) If the person in question is held liable in respect of that damage-- (a) by a judgment given in any civil proceedings; or (b) by an award made on any arbitration; the relevant date shall be the date on which the judgment is given, or the date of the award (as the case may be). For the purposes of this subsection no account shall be taken of any judgment or award given or made on appeal in so far as it 419
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PART I INTRODUCTION 1. WHY DOES THE
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Consumer Protection Act 1987. 12 Th
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periods applicable to them, 29 they
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whether a period of four or five ye
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have been damaged. 54 The Committee
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it is fair to assume that it reflec
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particularly where a defendant is o
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We apprehend that the law of limita
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1.41 Although, plainly, there are a
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(5) actions on a judgment or arbitr
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SECTION A: THE CURRENT LAW PART II
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TABLE 1 Limitation Periods under th
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Nature of Action Starting Point Len
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performed even after they are first
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promise by the guarantor that the d
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The fact that the damage was not at
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whether the ‘reasonable discovera
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limitation period that commission,
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the starting of time running from t
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had been no violation of the Conven
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has taken all reasonable steps to o
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3.44 The operation of section 14(2)
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(that is, the amputation). The Cour
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assess the intelligence of the plai
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approach taking into account an ind
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But there is a lack of solid and bi
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court will naturally be more inclin
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that the court will wish to exercis
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3.82 The basic provision is section
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enacted in the Latent Damage Act 19
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(2) the identity of the defendant;
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first has knowledge of those facts,
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“once he knew whether or not the
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3.113 The drafting of section 4 has
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(8) A Note on Bailment 3.116 A bail
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PART IV STARTING DATE, LENGTH OF PE
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Property Act 1925 where land is own
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express but implied and constructiv
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with the meaning of fraud in sectio
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was the expression “to recover mo
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from the other beneficiaries who ha
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The situation can therefore arise w
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elation to the apportioned cost) re
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defendant’s unjust enrichment has
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difference between this and the San
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money received will fall within thi
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PART VI STARTING DATE, LENGTH OF PE
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the limitation period running from
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a third party who has dispossessed
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in respect of which time will never
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It is not necessary, however, for t
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(1) where the land has been effecti
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title to the land of the person who
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limitation period is either sixty y
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6.50 Where a lender holds a second
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2. ARBITRATION (1) Arbitration Awar
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outside his control; whether the cl
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local authority entered on to the l
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such actions should be classified a
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7.25 Under section 10(4), where the
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expiry of the time limit; whether n
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(vi) Merchant Shipping Act 1995 (
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Act Nature of Action Starting Point
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Act Nature of Action Race Relations
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Act Nature of Action Compulsory Pur
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Act Nature of Action Companies Act
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Act Nature of Action Ibid, Schedule
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Act Nature of Action Town and Count
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PART VIII FACTORS WHICH POSTPONE TH
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(a) the period applicable in accord
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ended in 1993. 25 But, as the next
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not mean ‘concealed’, since any
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supported by the wording of this ph
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(4) Proviso to Section 32 8.23 By r
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND PART PAYMENT
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further agreement by the parties. 8
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of discrete debts, and those where
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(3) Acknowledgements and Part Payme
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PART IX ADDITIONAL ISSUES 1 WHAT HA
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2 WHAT THE PLAINTIFF NEEDS TO DO TO
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that the defendants were also debar
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laches cannot be invoked where ther
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emedy, 52 so that, for example, a p
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granted. Under section 13(4) of the
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actions under Order 15, rule 1(2) o
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the court from allowing the action
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9.37 It appears, therefore, that su
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SECTION B: OTHER JURISDICTIONS PART
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Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provision
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(who may not be immediately identif
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for personal injuries; actions for
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corresponding English provision. 64
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1980 78 ] are so obvious that the e
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10.40 Under the 1991 Act, an action
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10.44 There are two exceptions to t
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(7) Factors Postponing the Running
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except in the Northern Territory, w
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fraudulent breach of trust or the r
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(b) while he is, for a continuous p
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causes of action. A confirmation is
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action. 206 As in England and in ot
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discoverable. 228 Moreover, one sho
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(6) Actions in respect of Land 10.7
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5. CANADA 10.85 Statutory rules of
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(3) Latent Damage 10.90 Nearly all
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Central Trust Co v Rafuse, 301 a pr
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the new Limitations Act in Alberta
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periods may apply for the different
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10.112 Below we shall examine three
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product liability, 362 although the
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disguise the nature or the effect o
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general, parties cannot renounce fi
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(vii) A one-year period 425 applies
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prescription is suspended as agains
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the same manner as under the Limita
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10.155 In relation to hidden defect
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at achieving a settlement. 512 Simi
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evision and extension of the ground
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pursued in the tort of nuisance 6 b
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open to argument. It is also arguab
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Deliberate concealment (initial and
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11.22 In discussing the options for
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the chance of a limitation period e
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action does not accrue until the fa
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adopt the model of the Latent Damag
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liability in contract and tort - th
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which the demand was made. We would
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(c) that the injury, assuming liabi
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provision for vicarious liability.
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ecommended a definition of knowledg
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12.43 A final question is the exten
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actual knowledge of information was
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12.56 We are of the view that a sim
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the law of limitations and possibly
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negligently, and that the plaintiff
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a definition of who within an organ
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However, we do not believe that it
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to obtain the relevant information
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12.92 It should also be remembered
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We discuss in a later section the i
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(2) A period of 30 years from the a
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in connection with the provision of
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always protect plaintiffs. But a li
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a form of “disability” sufficie
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It is also provided that unless the
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(b) Supervening disability 12.126 B
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In practice a right of action again
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where the injury is known only to t
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isks precisely this injustice, and
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12.148 This leaves two issues for c
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view that deliberate concealment sh
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equirement is inappropriate. Whilst
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Commission felt that the difficulti
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limitation period by entering into
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those rights. 272 We recognise the
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any, the acknowledgement would have
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5 SHOULD THE COURTS HAVE A DISCRETI
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the actual hardships to both sides
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307 See also Deerness v John Keeble
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(1) Whether the core regime should
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13.10 Our provisional view is that
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of action was an intentional trespa
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is the subject of some controversy.
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or police officer to prove 10 years
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consequences, or has been led to be
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eduction in recent years to the lim
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If consultees do not agree, we ask
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(2) To What Extent should the Core
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if a thief’s identity and whereab
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13.59 It can be strongly argued, ho
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If consultees do not agree, we ask
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7 ACTIONS BY A SUBSEQUENT OWNER OF
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ange of disparate sections: and imp
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action, no loss can have occurred u
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13.95 So, for example, in a constru
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of discoverability, offers sufficie
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usually be the time when the land c
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in full to such actions. This would
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actions, and increasing the coheren
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13.125 The situation should also be
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13.131 If such actions are to be br
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Page 381 and 382: egime but should continue to apply
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Page 385 and 386: (2) whether they consider that a li
Page 387 and 388: If a defendant can waive a limitati
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Page 400 and 401: (2) Definition of the Date of Disco
Page 402 and 403: (b) the individual would not be exp
Page 404 and 405: (2) whether, in addition, the defin
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Page 408 and 409: 6 ACTIONS FOR CONVERSION Are modifi
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Page 416 and 417: [13 November 1980] APPENDIX LIMITAT
Page 420 and 421: varies the amount of damages awarde
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Page 430 and 431: (b) any land is held upon trust (in
Page 432 and 433: of trust property under the trust,
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Page 436 and 437: Acknowledgment and part payment 29
Page 438 and 439: (4) Where in a case within subsecti
Page 440 and 441: Discretionary exclusion of time lim
Page 442 and 443: (3) In acting under this section th
Page 444 and 445: (as the case may be) by way of coun
Page 446 and 447: In this subsection "duty" includes
Page 448 and 449: (5) Subject to subsection (6) below
Page 450 and 451: SCHEDULES SCHEDULE 1 Provisions wit
Page 452 and 453: 7. Accrual of right of action in ca
Page 454 and 455: corporation sole the right of actio
Page 456: 9. (1) Nothing in any provision of
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Limitation of Actions Consultation - Law Commission

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