Limitation of Actions Consultation - Law Commission

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preceding estate or interest or six years from the date on which the right of action accrued to the person entitled to the succeeding estate or interest, whichever period last expires. (3) Subsection (2) above shall not apply to any estate or interest which falls into possession on the determination of an entailed interest and which might have been barred by the person entitled to the entailed interest. (4) No person shall bring an action to recover any estate or interest in land under an assurance taking effect after the right of action to recover the land had accrued to the person by whom the assurance was made or some person through whom he claimed or some person entitled to a preceding estate or interest, unless the action is brought within the period during which the person by whom the assurance was made could have brought such an action. (5) Where any person is entitled to any estate or interest in land in possession and, while so entitled, is also entitled to any future estate or interest in that land, and his right to recover the estate or interest in possession is barred under this Act, no action shall be brought by that person, or by any person claiming through him, in respect of the future estate or interest, unless in the meantime possession of the land has been recovered by a person entitled to an intermediate estate or interest. (6) Part I of Schedule 1 to this Act contains provisions for determining the date of accrual of rights of action to recover land in the cases there mentioned. (7) Part II of that Schedule contains provisions modifying the provisions of this section in their application to actions brought by, or by a person claiming through, the Crown or any spiritual or eleemosynary corporation sole. 16 Time limit for redemption actions When a mortgagee of land has been in possession of any of the mortgaged land for a period of twelve years, no action to redeem the land of which the mortgagee has been so in possession shall be brought after the end of that period by the mortgagor or any person claiming through him. 17 Extinction of title to land after expiration of time limit Subject to-- (a) section 18 of this Act; and (b) section 75 of the Land Registration Act 1925; 428
at the expiration of the period prescribed by this Act for any person to bring an action to recover land (including a redemption action) the title of that person to the land shall be extinguished. 18 Settled land and land held on trust 2 (1) Subject to section 21(1) and (2) of this Act, the provisions of this Act shall apply to equitable interests in land, including interests in the proceeds of the sale of land held upon trust for sale, as they apply to legal estates. Accordingly a right of action to recover the land shall, for the purposes of this Act but not otherwise, be treated as accruing to a person entitled in possession to such an equitable interest in the like manner and circumstances, and on the same date, as it would accrue if his interest were a legal estate in the land (and any relevant provision of Part I of Schedule 1 to this Act shall apply in any such case accordingly). (2) Where the period prescribed by this Act has expired for the bringing of an action to recover land by a tenant for life or a statutory owner of settled land-- (a) his legal estate shall not be extinguished if and so long as the right of action to recover the land of any person entitled to a beneficial interest in the land either has not accrued or has not been barred by this Act; and (b) the legal estate shall accordingly remain vested in the tenant for life or statutory owner and shall devolve in accordance with the Settled Land Act 1925; but if and when every such right of action has been barred by this Act, his legal estate shall be extinguished. (3) Where any land is held upon trust (including a trust for sale) and the period prescribed by this Act has expired for the bringing of an action to recover the land by the trustees, the estate of the trustees shall not be extinguished if and so long as the right of action to recover the land of any person entitled to a beneficial interest in the land or in the proceeds of sale either has not accrued or has not been barred by this Act; but if and when every such right of action has been so barred the estate of the trustees shall be extinguished. (4) Where-- (a) any settled land is vested in a statutory owner; or 2 The words in this section in italics have been repealed by the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996, s 25(2) and Schedule 4, with effect from 1 January 1997, subject to the saving provisions in s 25(4) and 25(5). 429
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PART I INTRODUCTION 1. WHY DOES THE
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Consumer Protection Act 1987. 12 Th
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periods applicable to them, 29 they
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whether a period of four or five ye
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have been damaged. 54 The Committee
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it is fair to assume that it reflec
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particularly where a defendant is o
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We apprehend that the law of limita
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1.41 Although, plainly, there are a
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(5) actions on a judgment or arbitr
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SECTION A: THE CURRENT LAW PART II
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TABLE 1 Limitation Periods under th
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Nature of Action Starting Point Len
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performed even after they are first
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promise by the guarantor that the d
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The fact that the damage was not at
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whether the ‘reasonable discovera
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limitation period that commission,
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the starting of time running from t
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had been no violation of the Conven
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has taken all reasonable steps to o
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3.44 The operation of section 14(2)
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(that is, the amputation). The Cour
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assess the intelligence of the plai
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approach taking into account an ind
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But there is a lack of solid and bi
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court will naturally be more inclin
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that the court will wish to exercis
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3.82 The basic provision is section
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enacted in the Latent Damage Act 19
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(2) the identity of the defendant;
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first has knowledge of those facts,
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“once he knew whether or not the
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3.113 The drafting of section 4 has
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(8) A Note on Bailment 3.116 A bail
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PART IV STARTING DATE, LENGTH OF PE
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Property Act 1925 where land is own
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express but implied and constructiv
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with the meaning of fraud in sectio
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was the expression “to recover mo
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from the other beneficiaries who ha
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The situation can therefore arise w
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elation to the apportioned cost) re
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defendant’s unjust enrichment has
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difference between this and the San
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money received will fall within thi
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PART VI STARTING DATE, LENGTH OF PE
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the limitation period running from
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a third party who has dispossessed
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in respect of which time will never
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It is not necessary, however, for t
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(1) where the land has been effecti
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title to the land of the person who
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limitation period is either sixty y
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6.50 Where a lender holds a second
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2. ARBITRATION (1) Arbitration Awar
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outside his control; whether the cl
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local authority entered on to the l
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such actions should be classified a
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7.25 Under section 10(4), where the
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expiry of the time limit; whether n
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(vi) Merchant Shipping Act 1995 (
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Act Nature of Action Starting Point
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Act Nature of Action Race Relations
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Act Nature of Action Compulsory Pur
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Act Nature of Action Companies Act
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Act Nature of Action Ibid, Schedule
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Act Nature of Action Town and Count
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PART VIII FACTORS WHICH POSTPONE TH
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(a) the period applicable in accord
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ended in 1993. 25 But, as the next
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not mean ‘concealed’, since any
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supported by the wording of this ph
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(4) Proviso to Section 32 8.23 By r
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND PART PAYMENT
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further agreement by the parties. 8
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of discrete debts, and those where
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(3) Acknowledgements and Part Payme
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PART IX ADDITIONAL ISSUES 1 WHAT HA
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2 WHAT THE PLAINTIFF NEEDS TO DO TO
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that the defendants were also debar
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laches cannot be invoked where ther
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emedy, 52 so that, for example, a p
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granted. Under section 13(4) of the
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actions under Order 15, rule 1(2) o
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the court from allowing the action
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9.37 It appears, therefore, that su
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SECTION B: OTHER JURISDICTIONS PART
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Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provision
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(who may not be immediately identif
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for personal injuries; actions for
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corresponding English provision. 64
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1980 78 ] are so obvious that the e
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10.40 Under the 1991 Act, an action
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10.44 There are two exceptions to t
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(7) Factors Postponing the Running
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except in the Northern Territory, w
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fraudulent breach of trust or the r
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(b) while he is, for a continuous p
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causes of action. A confirmation is
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action. 206 As in England and in ot
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discoverable. 228 Moreover, one sho
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(6) Actions in respect of Land 10.7
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5. CANADA 10.85 Statutory rules of
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(3) Latent Damage 10.90 Nearly all
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Central Trust Co v Rafuse, 301 a pr
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the new Limitations Act in Alberta
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periods may apply for the different
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10.112 Below we shall examine three
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product liability, 362 although the
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disguise the nature or the effect o
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general, parties cannot renounce fi
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(vii) A one-year period 425 applies
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prescription is suspended as agains
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the same manner as under the Limita
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10.155 In relation to hidden defect
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at achieving a settlement. 512 Simi
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evision and extension of the ground
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pursued in the tort of nuisance 6 b
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open to argument. It is also arguab
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Deliberate concealment (initial and
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11.22 In discussing the options for
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the chance of a limitation period e
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action does not accrue until the fa
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adopt the model of the Latent Damag
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liability in contract and tort - th
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which the demand was made. We would
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(c) that the injury, assuming liabi
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provision for vicarious liability.
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ecommended a definition of knowledg
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12.43 A final question is the exten
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actual knowledge of information was
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12.56 We are of the view that a sim
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the law of limitations and possibly
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negligently, and that the plaintiff
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a definition of who within an organ
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However, we do not believe that it
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to obtain the relevant information
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12.92 It should also be remembered
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We discuss in a later section the i
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(2) A period of 30 years from the a
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in connection with the provision of
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always protect plaintiffs. But a li
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a form of “disability” sufficie
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It is also provided that unless the
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(b) Supervening disability 12.126 B
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In practice a right of action again
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where the injury is known only to t
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isks precisely this injustice, and
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12.148 This leaves two issues for c
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view that deliberate concealment sh
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equirement is inappropriate. Whilst
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Commission felt that the difficulti
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limitation period by entering into
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those rights. 272 We recognise the
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any, the acknowledgement would have
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5 SHOULD THE COURTS HAVE A DISCRETI
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the actual hardships to both sides
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307 See also Deerness v John Keeble
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(1) Whether the core regime should
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13.10 Our provisional view is that
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of action was an intentional trespa
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is the subject of some controversy.
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or police officer to prove 10 years
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consequences, or has been led to be
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eduction in recent years to the lim
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If consultees do not agree, we ask
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(2) To What Extent should the Core
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if a thief’s identity and whereab
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13.59 It can be strongly argued, ho
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If consultees do not agree, we ask
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7 ACTIONS BY A SUBSEQUENT OWNER OF
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ange of disparate sections: and imp
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action, no loss can have occurred u
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13.95 So, for example, in a constru
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of discoverability, offers sufficie
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usually be the time when the land c
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in full to such actions. This would
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actions, and increasing the coheren
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13.125 The situation should also be
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13.131 If such actions are to be br
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12 ACTIONS ON A JUDGMENT 13.137 Und
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13.143 This protection was not comp
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when the distinction was swept away
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authorities and bodies levying char
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performance, injunctions, or other
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Page 385 and 386: (2) whether they consider that a li
Page 387 and 388: If a defendant can waive a limitati
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Page 400 and 401: (2) Definition of the Date of Disco
Page 402 and 403: (b) the individual would not be exp
Page 404 and 405: (2) whether, in addition, the defin
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Page 412 and 413: 13.155 - 13.157. If consultees do n
Page 414 and 415: 2. WHAT THE PLAINTIFF NEEDS TO DO T
Page 416 and 417: [13 November 1980] APPENDIX LIMITAT
Page 418 and 419: 4A. Time limit for actions for defa
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Page 422 and 423: of his estate by virtue of section
Page 424 and 425: and knowledge that any acts or omis
Page 426 and 427: able to satisfy a judgment. (8) The
Page 430 and 431: (b) any land is held upon trust (in
Page 432 and 433: of trust property under the trust,
Page 434 and 435: ar, the assurance shall thereupon o
Page 436 and 437: Acknowledgment and part payment 29
Page 438 and 439: (4) Where in a case within subsecti
Page 440 and 441: Discretionary exclusion of time lim
Page 442 and 443: (3) In acting under this section th
Page 444 and 445: (as the case may be) by way of coun
Page 446 and 447: In this subsection "duty" includes
Page 448 and 449: (5) Subject to subsection (6) below
Page 450 and 451: SCHEDULES SCHEDULE 1 Provisions wit
Page 452 and 453: 7. Accrual of right of action in ca
Page 454 and 455: corporation sole the right of actio
Page 456: 9. (1) Nothing in any provision of
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