View/Open - ResearchSpace - University of KwaZulu-Natal

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Literature review aerated vessels often require little or no hardening (AHLOOWALIA & PRAKASH, 2002). There are numerous differences between leaves formed in vitro and ex vitro: differences in wax composition, pigmentation content, stomatal response and photosynthetic performance (HUYLENBROECK et al., 1998). In a study conducted by HUYLENBROECK et al. (2000) on Calathea plants (Marantaceae) it was shown that chlorophyll and carotenoid content in leaves formed ex vitro were almost three times higher than in vitro. Stomatal aperture can be measured by applying nail varnish to the abaxial surface of the mature leaf (ROBERTS et al., 1990). The image of the hardened film can then be analysed. This allows us to assess the degree to which the plant has hardened to in vivo conditions (ROBERTS et al., 1990). 2.9.10 Applications of in vitro culture In vitro culture and recombinant DNA technology enable plant improvement through sexual and para-sexual methods (AHLOOWALIA, 1997). Such methods include mutation induction, embryo rescue, anther and ovary culture, protoplast fusion and transgenic methods. Using these methods other flower colours, flower shapes and growth habits of species in the genus Romulea could possibly be obtained (AHLOOWALIA, 1997). 2.10 CORM PHYSIOLOGY One main difference between corms and bulbs is that a corm is a stem base swollen with food reserves (HUSSEY, 1977a; KRIKORIAN & KANN, 1986). These stem bases have several nodes, each of which has its own superficial axillary bud (HUSSEY, 1977a). The leaves around a corm are distinctly different from those of bulbs. These leaves, which sheath the new corm, are thin and rarely useful as explants for culture initiation (HUSSEY, 1977a; KRIKORIAN & KANN, 1986). 83
2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature review Florogenesis is divided into six phases for most geophytes. These include induction, initiation, differentiation, floral stalk elongation, maturation and growth of the floral organs, and anthesis. (FLAISHMAN & KAMENETSKY, 2006). Factors that affect florogenesis include the genetics of the plant and its environment (FLAISHMAN & KAMENETSKY, 2006). After induction of flowering the vegetative meristem ceases leaf production during flower initiation to allow for more resources for flower initiation (FLAISHMAN & KAMENETSKY, 2006). Smoke and smoke solutions have been used to promote flowering in geophytes. These include Narcissus tazetta, a freesia hybrid and Watsonia spp. (IMANISHI, 1983; UYEMURA & IMANISHI, 1984; LIGHT et al., 2007). LIGHT et al., (2007) found that a 1:500 (v/v) smoke water solution promoted the flowering of corms of Watsonia spp., which is in the same subfamily as Romulea. Corms of Freesia sp., a species in the same tribe as Romulea, were stimulated to flower using a smoke treatment (UYEMURA & IMANISHI, 1984). In a study of the plant-soil relationship in the habitat of R. columnae it was found that soil N, P and K was reduced during the generative growth stage whereas the soil organic matter, pH, and CaCO3 levels were increased (KÖK et al., 2007). It is better to use large plants with large, matured storage organs for florogenesis studies, as it is common for a plant with a small storage organ not to flower (FLAISHMAN & KAMENETSKY, 2006). 84
Page 1 and 2:
Propagation of Romulea species Pier
Page 3 and 4:
Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
Page 5 and 6:
Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
Page 7 and 8:
Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10:
Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12:
Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14:
Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16:
List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18:
was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20:
List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22:
List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24:
Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26:
As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28:
Introduction where a great number o
Page 29 and 30:
Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 31 and 32:
2 Literature review Leef van daad e
Page 33 and 34:
Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35 and 36:
Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 37 and 38:
Literature review The plants are sh
Page 39 and 40:
Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
Page 41 and 42:
Literature review often found on cl
Page 43 and 44:
Literature review flowers of R. lei
Page 45 and 46:
Literature review flattened upper s
Page 47 and 48:
2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
Page 49 and 50:
Literature review extinct, R. papyr
Page 51 and 52:
Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
Page 53 and 54:
Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56:
Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59 and 60: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 61 and 62: Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94: Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96: Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98: 2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
Page 99 and 100: Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102: Literature review Young embryos req
Page 103 and 104: Literature review and the addition
Page 105 and 106: Literature review organ is then pro
Page 107: Literature review environmental str
Page 111 and 112: Literature review higher regenerati
Page 113 and 114: Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
Page 115 and 116: Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
Page 117 and 118: 3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120: Soil sampling and analysis The firs
Page 121 and 122: Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
Page 123 and 124: 4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
Page 125 and 126: 4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
Page 127 and 128: Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130: Germination physiology rosea seeds
Page 131 and 132: Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 133 and 134: Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
Page 135 and 136: Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
Page 137 and 138: Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140: Germination physiology seeds of R.
Page 141 and 142: 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
Page 143 and 144: In vitro culture initiation and mul
Page 145 and 146: 5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
Page 159 and 160:
5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
Page 161 and 162:
In vitro culture initiation and mul
Page 163 and 164:
6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
Page 165 and 166:
In vitro corm formation and floweri
Page 167 and 168:
6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 179 and 180:
Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 181 and 182:
BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
Page 183 and 184:
Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
Page 185 and 186:
Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
Page 187 and 188:
Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
Page 189 and 190:
Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
Page 191 and 192:
Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
show all

View/Open - ResearchSpace - University of KwaZulu-Natal

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?