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Literature cited AHLOOWALIA, B. S. (1997). Improvement of horticultural plants through in vitro culture and induced mutations. Acta Horticulturae 447: 545-549. AHLOOWALIA, B. S., and PRAKASH, J. (2002). Physical components of tissue culture technology. Proceedings of a Technical Meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna.17-28. AHLOOWALIA, B. S., PRAKASH, J., SAVANGIKAR, V. A., and SAVANGIKAR, C. (2002). Plant tissue culture. Proceedings of a Technical Meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna.3-10. ASCOUGH, G. D. (2008). Micropropagation and in vitro manipulation of Watsonia. PhD thesis. University of KwaZulu-Natal. ASCOUGH, G. D., ERWIN, J. E., and VAN STADEN, J. (2007). In vitro propagation of four Watsonia species. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 88: 135–145. ASCOUGH, G. D., ERWIN, J. E., and VAN STADEN, J. (2008). Reduced temperature, elevated sucrose, continuous light and gibberellic acid promote corm formation in Watsonia vanderspuyiae. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 95: 275–283. ASCOUGH, G. D., ERWIN, J. E., and VAN STADEN, J. (2009). Micropropagation of Iridaceae - a review. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 97: 1-19. ASCOUGH, G. D., and FENNELL, C. W. (2004). The regulation of plant growth and development in liquid culture. South African Journal of Botany 70: 181-190. ASCOUGH, G. D., SWART, P. A., FINNIE, J. F., and VAN STADEN, J. (2011). Micropropagation of Romulea minutiflora, Sisyrinchium laxum and Tritonia gladiolaris — Iridaceae with ornamental potential. South African Journal of Botany 77: 216–221. BAIRU, M. W., STIRK, W. A., DOLEZAL, K., and VAN STADEN, J. (2007). Optimizing the micropropagation protocol for the endangered Aloe polyphylla: can metatopolin and its derivatives serve as replacement for benzyladenine and zeatin? Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 90: 15-23. BAND, S. R., and HENDRY, G. A. F. (1993). General procedures and methodologies In: Methods in comparative plant ecology: A laboratory manual. Eds: Grime, J.P. and Hendry, G.A.F. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 252. 155
BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1998). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, San Diego. Literature cited BAXTER, B. J. M., VAN STADEN, J., GRANGER, J. E., and BROWN, N. A. C. (1994). Plant-derived smoke and smoke extracts stimulate seed germination of the fireclimax grass Themeda trianda. Environmental and Experimental Botany 34: 217- 223. BEWLEY, J. D., and BLACK, M. (1982). Physiology and biochemistry of seeds in relation to germination. 2. 2 vols. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. BEWLEY, J. D., and BLACK, M. (1994). Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. Plenum Press, New York. BEYL, C. A. (2005). Getting started with tissue culture: Media preparation, sterile technique and laboratory equipment In: Plant development and biotechnology. Eds: Trigiano, R.N. and Gray, D.J. CRC Press LLC, Florida, pp. 19-37. BHAGYALAKSHMI, N. (2000). Factors influencing direct shoot regeneration from ovary explants of saffron. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 58: 205–211. BLANK, R. R., and YOUNG, J. A. (1998). Heated substrate and smoke: Influence on seed emergence and plant growth. Journal of Range Management 51: 577-583. BRAGG, C. J., DONALDSON, J. D., and RYAN, P. G. (2005). Density of Cape porcupines in a semi-arid environment and their impact on soil turnover and related ecosystem processes. Journal of Arid Environments 61: 261–275. BROWN, J. T. (1990). The initiation and maintenance of callus cultures In: Plant cell and tissue culture. Eds: Pollard, J.W.VI VI vols Humana Press, Clifton, pp. 57-63. BROWN, J. T., and CHARLWOOD, B. V. (1990). Organogenesis in callus culture In: Plant cell and tissue culture. Eds: Pollard, J.W.VI VI vols Humana Press, Clifton, pp. 65-70. BROWN, N. A. C., and VAN STADEN, J. (1997). Smoke as a germination cue: a review. Plant Growth Regulation 22: 115-124. BURROWS, J. E., and WILLIS, C. K. (2005). Plants of the Nyika Plateau: an account of the vegetation of the Nyika National Parks of Malawi and Zambia. 31. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network, Pretoria. COETZEE, C., JEFTHAS, E., and REINTEN, E. (1999). Indigenous Plant Genetic Resources of South Africa In: Perspectives on new crops and new uses. Eds: Janick, J. ASHS Press, Alexandria, pp. 160-163. COHEN, D., and YAO, J.-L. (1996). In vitro chromosome doubling of nine Zantedeschia cultivars. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 47: 43-49. 156
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Propagation of Romulea species Pier
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Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
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Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
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Abstract The suitability of various
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Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
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Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
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Publications from this thesis ASCOU
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List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
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was significantly different from th
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
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List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
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Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
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As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
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Introduction where a great number o
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Introduction The subgenera Romulea
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2 Literature review Leef van daad e
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Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
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Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
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Literature review The plants are sh
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Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
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Literature review often found on cl
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Literature review flowers of R. lei
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Literature review flattened upper s
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2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
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Literature review extinct, R. papyr
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Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
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Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
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Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
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Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
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Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
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Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
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Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
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Literature review Macronutrients ca
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Literature review The soils of the
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Literature review The embryo is the
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Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
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Literature review endogenous gibber
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Literature review tolerable level (
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Literature review these channels pe
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Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
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Literature review the embryo (COPEL
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Literature review germinated under
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Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
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2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
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Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
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Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
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Literature review The distinguishin
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Literature review The essential fun
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2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
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Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
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Literature review Young embryos req
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Literature review and the addition
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Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
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2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
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Literature review higher regenerati
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Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
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Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
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3 Investigation into the habitat of
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Soil sampling and analysis The firs
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Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
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4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
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4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
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Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130: Germination physiology rosea seeds
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Page 133 and 134: Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
Page 135 and 136: Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
Page 137 and 138: Germination physiology The relative
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Page 141 and 142: 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
Page 143 and 144: In vitro culture initiation and mul
Page 145 and 146: 5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
Page 159 and 160: 5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
Page 163 and 164: 6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
Page 165 and 166: In vitro corm formation and floweri
Page 167 and 168: 6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
Page 177 and 178: Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 179: Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 183 and 184: Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
Page 185 and 186: Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
Page 187 and 188: Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
Page 189 and 190: Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
Page 191 and 192: Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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