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Table 4.2: Effect of different treatments on seed germination of four Romulea species. Asterisk (*) indicates seed germination under 16 h photoperiod at 20 ± 0.5°C. The number sign (#) indicates that the seeds initiated germination during stratification. R. diversiformis R. flava Species R. monadelpha R. rosea Treatment Temperature (°C) (16 h photoperiod) Germination (%) MGT Germination (%) MGT (days) Germination (%) MGT (days) Germination (%) MGT (days) 10 65 ± 0.9 a 41 ± 3 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 90 ± 1 a 32 ± 1 e 15 0.5 ± 0.3 d 30 ± 6 b 5 ± 1d 57 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 68 ± 1 b 72 ± 2 b 20 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 3 ± 1 b 42 ± 0 a 15 ± 1 c 57 ± 1 c 25 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 f 30 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 f 30/15 (Constant dark) 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 f 10 60 ± 1.5 ab 39 ± 1 b 8 ± 5 d 32 ± 1 b 3 ± 1 b 64 ± 0 a 95 ± 1 a 36 ± 1 e 15 48 ± 0.6 bc 41 ± 4 b 18 ± 5 c 53 ± 3 a 23 ± 1 a 43 ± 4 a 5 ± 1 d 57 ± 2 c 20 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 8 ± 1 b 56 ± 0 a 5 ± 1 d 76 ± 0 a 25 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 f 30 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 f 30/15 Cold stratification (5°C)* 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 f (Days) Warm stratification (30°C) 0 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 5 ± 1 d 77 ± 7 a 7 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 3 ± 1 b 52 ± 0 a 5 ± 1 d 62 ± 2 cd 14 18 ± 0.5 d 10 ± 5 c 43 ± 5 b 10 ± 6 c 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 70 ± 2 b 64 ± 2 c 21 38 ± 0.9 c # 1 ± 0 c 53 ± 9 a # Scarification* 1 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 73 ± 2 b 65 ± 1 c Control 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 f Acid (50% H2SO4) 63 ± 0.8 ab 71 ± 3 a 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 f Mechanical (sand paper) 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 c 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 b 0 ± 0 d 0 ± 0 f Means (± SE) in the column with different letters are significantly different according to LSD at the 5% level (P < 0.05) 107
Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77 Control (water) 68 Control (HS 50%) Treatment 4.3.4. Ex vitro germination experiments 62 -N 64 -P 87 -K GA3 (10 -5 M) 65 Kinetin (10 -5 M) KNO 3 (10 -5 M) * * IBA (10 -5 M) NAA (10 -5 M) IAA (10 -5 M) Smoke water (1:500) Germination physiology Butenolide (10 -8 M) Figure 4.5: Effect of nutrients without N, P or K, plant growth promoting substances and smoke constituents on seed germination of Romulea rosea under 16 h photoperiod at 20 ± 0.5°C. A number above the standard error bar represents mean germination time and an asterisk denotes that the treatment was significantly different from the control (water) according to LSD test at the 5% level. Germination was observed for the four tested Romulea species. R. diversiformis seeds showed the highest percentage germination when placed at 10°C under alternating light (16 h photoperiod), in the constant dark conditions and with seed scarification treatment (Table 4.2). These results were significantly different from other treatments for R. diversiformis, with the exception of constant dark at 15°C, where it did not differ significantly in some cases. Although acid scarification 66 67 68 68 68 108
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Propagation of Romulea species Pier
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Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
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Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
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Abstract The suitability of various
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Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
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Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
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Publications from this thesis ASCOU
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List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
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was significantly different from th
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
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List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
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Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
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As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
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Introduction where a great number o
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Introduction The subgenera Romulea
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2 Literature review Leef van daad e
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Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
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Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
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Literature review The plants are sh
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Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
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Literature review often found on cl
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Literature review flowers of R. lei
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Literature review flattened upper s
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2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
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Literature review extinct, R. papyr
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Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
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Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
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Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
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Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
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Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
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Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
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Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
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Literature review Macronutrients ca
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Literature review The soils of the
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Literature review The embryo is the
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Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
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Literature review endogenous gibber
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Literature review tolerable level (
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Literature review these channels pe
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Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94: Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96: Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98: 2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
Page 99 and 100: Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102: Literature review Young embryos req
Page 103 and 104: Literature review and the addition
Page 105 and 106: Literature review organ is then pro
Page 107 and 108: Literature review environmental str
Page 109 and 110: 2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
Page 111 and 112: Literature review higher regenerati
Page 113 and 114: Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
Page 115 and 116: Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
Page 117 and 118: 3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120: Soil sampling and analysis The firs
Page 121 and 122: Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
Page 123 and 124: 4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
Page 125 and 126: 4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
Page 127 and 128: Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130: Germination physiology rosea seeds
Page 131: Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 135 and 136: Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
Page 137 and 138: Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140: Germination physiology seeds of R.
Page 141 and 142: 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
Page 143 and 144: In vitro culture initiation and mul
Page 145 and 146: 5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
Page 159 and 160: 5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
Page 163 and 164: 6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
Page 165 and 166: In vitro corm formation and floweri
Page 167 and 168: 6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
Page 177 and 178: Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 179 and 180: Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 181 and 182: BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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