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Literature review GOLDBLATT (2001) classifies these species as belonging to the subgenus Spatalanthus. Manning and Goldblatt (2001) goes on to divide the genus into sections based on corm morphology, this is not discussed. Research was done on the character of flowers and growth form of a number of Romulea species found in South Africa. Descriptive localities, habitats, identifying features and subgenus classification of these species used in propagation experiments are also discussed. 2.2.1 Romulea amoena The flowers of R. amoena are deep rose-pink to carmine-red with purple-black blotches (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 1997; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). These blotches are sometimes also replaced by stripes around the cream or yellow cup. The tepals are elliptic to oblanceolate (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The bracts are green or sometimes reddish (DE VOS, 1983). The outer bracts have narrow or inconspicuous membranous margins while the inner bracts have wide and colourless or brown-streaked margins. It has 1 to 2 flowers which can be seen in August (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 1997). Plants of R. amoena are between 50 and 300 mm in height (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Its stem is subterranean or reaches 100 mm above the ground. These plants have 3 to 4 leaves that are usually all basal in origin (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. amoena occurs in sandy soils and is mostly found in rocky places. It is indigenous to the Bokkeveld mountains south of Nieuwoudtville (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) has placed this species in the subgenus Romulea. 2.2.2 Romulea autumnalis The flowers are pink or magenta-pink to white with a yellow to orange cup. The tepals are elliptic and the fruiting peduncles are erect. The bracts are green or greenish with the outer bracts having narrow membranous margins while the inner bracts have wide colourless margins (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. autumnalis flowers from April to July during which the plant develops 1 to 3 13
Literature review flowers (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The plants of this species grow 150 to 350 mm in height with subterranean stems. The plant has 3 to 4 leaves which are basal and thread like or filiform to compressed cylindrically (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). This species is found in Eastern Cape from Grahamstown towards Kariga where it occurs on grassy flats or mountain slopes (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). It is closely allied with R. camerooniana, but can be distinguished from R. camerooniana by its short stamens and style which do not reach the middle of the perianth, as opposed the stamens and styles of R. camerooniana, which do reach the floral cup (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). This means that the stamens of R. autumnalis are included in the floral cup (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) places this species in the subgenus Romulea. 2.2.3 Romulea camerooniana The flowers are magenta or pink to white and the cup is yellow. The tepals are elliptic (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The outer bracts have narrow or inconspicuous membranous margins. The inner bracts also have narrow and colourless membranous margins (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. camerooniana mostly flowers from December to April (BURROWS & WILLIS, 2005). The plants are normally 80 to 200 mm in height with a stem which is subterranean. There are 2 to 6 filiform leaves per plant which are all basal (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). R. camerooniana occurs in rocky or grassy highlands. In these habitats their distribution extends from the Drakensberg of the Eastern Cape, South Africa to Kenya, Sudan and Southern Ethiopia. Outlying populations also occur in the Cameroon in west Africa (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). MANNING & GOLDBLATT (2001) places this species in the subgenus Romulea. 2.2.4 Romulea citrina The flowers are lemon-yellow and unscented with tepals that are elliptic and between 20 and 32 mm long (DE VOS, 1983; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The fruiting peduncles are at first curved and later suberect. The outer bracts have narrow 14
Page 1 and 2: Propagation of Romulea species Pier
Page 3 and 4: Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
Page 7 and 8: Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10: Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12: Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14: Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18: was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22: List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24: Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26: As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28: Introduction where a great number o
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 31 and 32: 2 Literature review Leef van daad e
Page 33 and 34: Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35 and 36: Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 37: Literature review The plants are sh
Page 41 and 42: Literature review often found on cl
Page 43 and 44: Literature review flowers of R. lei
Page 45 and 46: Literature review flattened upper s
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
Page 49 and 50: Literature review extinct, R. papyr
Page 51 and 52: Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
Page 53 and 54: Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56: Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59 and 60: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 61 and 62: Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90:
Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92:
Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94:
Literature review The distinguishin
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Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98:
2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
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Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102:
Literature review Young embryos req
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Literature review and the addition
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Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
Page 109 and 110:
2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
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Literature review higher regenerati
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Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
Page 115 and 116:
Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
Page 117 and 118:
3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120:
Soil sampling and analysis The firs
Page 121 and 122:
Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
Page 123 and 124:
4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
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4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
Page 127 and 128:
Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130:
Germination physiology rosea seeds
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Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 133 and 134:
Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
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Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
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Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140:
Germination physiology seeds of R.
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5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
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In vitro culture initiation and mul
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5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
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5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
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6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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In vitro corm formation and floweri
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6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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