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Introduction parameters on shoot multiplication and describes some cultures that appeared embryogenic. Chapter 6 is a report on the effect of various physical and chemical parameters on in vitro corm formation and ex vitro acclimatization and growth. It includes a description of an incident of in vitro flowering and some experiments conducted in an attempt to replicate these conditions and further stimulate in vitro flowering. In Chapter 7 the attributes of various Romulea species is considered and their suitability for commercialization is discussed. 5
2 Literature review Leef van daad en woord dan so gepas, Dat jy nooit wens dat môre gister was Live of word and deed then in such a becoming way, That you never shall wish tomorrow was yesterday Pierre André Swart Senior 2.1 MORPHOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT There are approximately 90 species of Romulea (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). These species are mainly confined to sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean (DE VOS, 1972; MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Twelve to 15 species occur in the Mediterranean basin, Canary Islands, the Azores, and southern Europe (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The remaining species occur in sub-Saharan African, which includes the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). It is reported that 3 species occur in tropical Africa and 2 are endemic in East Africa and the Peninsula (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The genus has its centre of diversity in the winter-rainfall zone of southern Africa; here 73 species are now recognized (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). The distribution of 7 species used in the propagation experiments are shown in Figure 2.1. Within the summer-rainfall zone of southern Africa the species are restricted to upland and montane habitats (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Those within the winter rainfall part of southern Africa occur from sea level to high altitudes, being especially common in medium to high altitudes (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001). Winter-rainfall species generally flower during the spring (August to September, with a few in May and June) and summer-rainfall species flower from September to February (MANNING & GOLDBLATT, 2001) as shown in Figures 2.2 to 2.4. 6
Page 1 and 2: Propagation of Romulea species Pier
Page 3 and 4: Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
Page 7 and 8: Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10: Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12: Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14: Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18: was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22: List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24: Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26: As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28: Introduction where a great number o
Page 29: Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 33 and 34: Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35 and 36: Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 37 and 38: Literature review The plants are sh
Page 39 and 40: Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
Page 41 and 42: Literature review often found on cl
Page 43 and 44: Literature review flowers of R. lei
Page 45 and 46: Literature review flattened upper s
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
Page 49 and 50: Literature review extinct, R. papyr
Page 51 and 52: Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
Page 53 and 54: Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56: Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59 and 60: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 61 and 62: Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
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Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84:
Literature review germinated under
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Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
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2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
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Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
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Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
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Literature review The distinguishin
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Literature review The essential fun
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2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
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Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
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Literature review Young embryos req
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Literature review and the addition
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Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
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2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
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Literature review higher regenerati
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Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
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Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
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3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120:
Soil sampling and analysis The firs
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Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
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4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
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4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
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Germination physiology (-N), phosph
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Germination physiology rosea seeds
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Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 133 and 134:
Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
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Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
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Germination physiology The relative
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Germination physiology seeds of R.
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5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
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In vitro culture initiation and mul
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5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
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5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
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6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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In vitro corm formation and floweri
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6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
Page 189 and 190:
Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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