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Literature cited biotechnology. Eds: Trigiano, R.N. and Gray, D.J. New York, CRC Press, pp. 159-172. SEDGLEY, R. H. (1963). The importance of liquid-seed contact during the germination of Medicago tribuloides Desr. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 14: 646–653. SEN, J., and SEN, S. (1995). Two-step bud culture technique for high frequency regeneraion of Gladiolus corms. Scientia Horticulturae 64: 133-138. SENGUPTA, J., and SEN, S. (1988). Karyological analysis of cultured cells and regenerated plants of Cipura paludosa Aubl. (Iridaceae) - A structural hybrid. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 115: 280-289. SHIBLI, R. A., SHATNAWI, M. A., SUBAIH, W. S., and AJLOUNI, M. M. (2006). In Vitro Conservation and Cryopreservation of Plant Genetic Resources: A Review. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2: 372-382. SIMMONDS, H., HOLST, P., and BOURKE, C. (2000). The palatability, and potential toxicity of Australian weeds to goats. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Kingston. SLABBERT, M. M., DE BRUYN, M. H., FERREIRA, D. I., and PRETORIUS, J. (1993). Regeneration of bulblets from twin scales of Crinum macowanii in vitro. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 33: 133-141. SLATER, A., SCOTT, N. W., and FOWLER, M. R. (2003). Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic Manipulation of Plants. Oxford University Press, New York. SLEEMAN, J. R., and BREWER, R. (1988). Soil Structure and Fabric. CSIRO, Adelaide. SMITH, J. (2000a). Micro-propagation of the Gymea Lily. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Sydney. SMITH, R. H. (2000b). Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques and Experiments. 2 nd edition ed. Academic Press, London. SOIL CLASSIFICATION WORKING GROUP (1991). Soil Classification: A Taxonomic System for South Africa. Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria. SPARG, S. G., KULKARNI, M. G., LIGHT, M. E., and VAN STADEN, J. (2005). Improving seedling vigour of indigenous medicinal plants with smoke. Bioresource technology 96: 1323-1330. SPARG, S. G., KULKARNI, M. G., and VAN STADEN, J. (2006). Aerosol smoke and smoke-water stimulation of seedling vigor of a commercial maize cultivar. Crop Science 46: 1336-1340. 165
Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHEN, A., GOLDBERG, Z., and KOCHBA, M. (1991). Precocious gladiolus corm formation in liquid shake cultures. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 26: 63-70. STEINITZ, B., and LILIEN-KIPNIS, H. (1989). Control of precocious Gladiolus corm and cormel formation in tissue culture. Journal of Plant Physiology 135: 495-500. STEPHAN-SARKISSIAN, G. (1990). Selection of media for tissue and cell culture In: Plant cell and tissue culture. Eds: Pollard, J.W.VI VI vols Humana Press, Clifton, pp. 13-26. SUTTER, E. G. (1986). Micropropagation of Ixia viridifolia and a Gladiolus x Homoglossum hybrid. Scientia Horticulturae 29: 181-189. TAN NHUT, D., TEIXEIRA DA SILVA, J. A., XUAN HUYEN, P., and PAEK, K. Y. (2004). The importance of explant source on regeneration and micropropagation of Gladiolus by liquid shake culture. Scientia Horticulturae 102: 407-414. TAYLOR, J. L. S., and VAN STADEN, J. (1998). Plant-derived smoke solutions stimulate the growth of Lycopersicon esculentum roots in vitro. Plant Growth Regulation 26: 77-83. THIMANN, K. V. (1977). Prefactory chapter In: The Physiology and Biochemistry of Seed Dormancy and Germination. Eds: Khan, A.A. North-Holland, New York, pp. 1-28. TIAN, X., KNAPP, A. D., GIBSON, L. R., STRUTHERS, R., MOORE, K. J., BRUMMER, E. C., and BAILEY, T. B. (2003). Response of Eastern Gamagrass Seed to Gibberellic Acid Buffered below Its pKa. Crop Science 43: 927–933. TILLICH, H. J. (2003). Seedling morphology in Iridaceae: Indications for relationships within the family and to related families. Flora: 220–242. UYEMURA, S., and IMANISHI, H. (1984). Effects of duration of exposure to ethylene on dormancy release in freesia corms. Scientia Horticulturae 22: 383-390. VAN KLEUNEN, M., MANNING, J. C., PASQUALETTO, V., and JOHNSON, S. D. (2008). Phylogenetically independent associations between autonomous selffertilization and plant invasiveness. The American Naturalist 171: 195-201. VAN STADEN, J., JÄGER, A. K., LIGHT, M. E., and BURGER, B. V. (2004). Isolation of the major germination cue from plant-derived smoke. South African Journal of Botany 70: 654–659. WEST, A. G. (2009). Climate change, drought and biodiversity: an ecophysiological perspective. Thirty-fifth Annual conference of the South African Association of Botanists (SAAB), 19 to 22 January, University of Johannesburg, Drakensberg. 166
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Propagation of Romulea species Pier
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Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
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Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
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Abstract The suitability of various
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Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
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Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
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Publications from this thesis ASCOU
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List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
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was significantly different from th
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
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List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
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Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
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As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
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Introduction where a great number o
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Introduction The subgenera Romulea
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2 Literature review Leef van daad e
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Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
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Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
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Literature review The plants are sh
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Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
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Literature review often found on cl
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Literature review flowers of R. lei
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Literature review flattened upper s
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2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
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Literature review extinct, R. papyr
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Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
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Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
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Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
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Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
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Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
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Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
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Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
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Literature review Macronutrients ca
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Literature review The soils of the
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Literature review The embryo is the
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Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
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Literature review endogenous gibber
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Literature review tolerable level (
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Literature review these channels pe
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Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
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Literature review the embryo (COPEL
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Literature review germinated under
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Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
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2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
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Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
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Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
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Literature review The distinguishin
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Literature review The essential fun
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2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
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Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
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Literature review Young embryos req
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Literature review and the addition
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Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
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2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
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Literature review higher regenerati
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Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
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Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
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3 Investigation into the habitat of
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Soil sampling and analysis The firs
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Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
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4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
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4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
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Germination physiology (-N), phosph
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Germination physiology rosea seeds
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Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
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Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
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Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
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Germination physiology The relative
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Page 141 and 142: 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
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Page 163 and 164: 6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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Page 167 and 168: 6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
Page 177 and 178: Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 179 and 180: Commercialization potential of Romu
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Page 187 and 188: Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
Page 189: Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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