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Germination physiology exhibited higher percentage germination, the MGT was significantly greater than for the other treatments. Cold stratification of seeds for 14 and 21 days significantly increased percentage germination in comparison to the non-stratified seeds with significantly shorter MGT (some seeds germinated during stratification period) (Table 4.2). R. flava seeds showed some germination both under 16 h photoperiod and constant dark conditions at 15°C. However, 14 and 21 days of stratification at 5°C of seeds achieved significantly greater percentage germination compared to all other treatments examined. Twenty-one day stratification had the shortest MGT of only one day due to the incidence of germination during the treatment period (Table 4.2). In the case of R. monadelpha, placing seeds at 15°C in the dark was the only treatment that significantly increased germination compared to the other treatments (Table 4.2). R. rosea seeds had significantly higher percentage germination when placed at 10°C both under 16 h photoperiod and constant dark in comparison to other treatments. Mean germination time was also significantly shorter for these treatments (Table 4.2). Warm stratification did not significantly increase percentage germination in comparison to the seeds incubated at 10°C. Seed germination of this species at 20- 35°C was very low. These temperatures are generally favourable for many weed species, seeds of R. rosea were therefore tested for nutrients, plant growth promoting substances and smoke components at only 20 ± 0.5°C. In this experiment, seeds that were treated with KNO3 and IBA solutions of 10 -5 M yielded significantly higher percentage germination over the control (water) (Figure 4.5). Percentage germination at HS 50% (all nutrients), -K, kinetin, NAA, IAA and butenolide treatments showed an increase compared to control (water). However, these results were not significantly different to the control (water). No germination was recorded for GA3 and smoke-water-treated seeds. 109
Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 cd Romulea autumnalis d Romulea camerooniana bcd Romulea citrina Romulea cruciata a a Romulea diversiformis abc Romulea flava Species Romulea leipoldtii ab Romulea multiflora abcd d d cd Figure 4.6: In vitro seed germination of different Romulea species at 15°C after 2 Romulea pearsonii Germination physiology months. Standard error bars with different letters are significantly different according to LSD at the 5% level. 4.3.5. In vitro germination experiments R. diversiformis, R. flava, R. leipoldtii and R. minutiflora showed the highest germination (> 55%) in comparison to other species, although in some cases these results were not significant (Figure 4.6). The lowest germination was recorded for R. camerooniana, R. cruciata, R. sabulosa and R. tabularis. Only few seeds of R. sabulosa germinated (9 out of 200 seeds) when incubated at 15°C, with no germination at 20°C. Seeds did not geminate at 15°C and 20°C in the case of R. camerooniana. Romulea sabulosa Romulea tabularis 110
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Propagation of Romulea species Pier
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Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
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Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
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Abstract The suitability of various
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Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
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Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
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Publications from this thesis ASCOU
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List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
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was significantly different from th
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List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
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List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
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Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
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As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
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Introduction where a great number o
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Introduction The subgenera Romulea
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2 Literature review Leef van daad e
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Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
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Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
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Literature review The plants are sh
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Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
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Literature review often found on cl
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Literature review flowers of R. lei
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Literature review flattened upper s
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2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
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Literature review extinct, R. papyr
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Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
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Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
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Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
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Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
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Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
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Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
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Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
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Literature review Macronutrients ca
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Literature review The soils of the
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Literature review The embryo is the
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Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
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Literature review endogenous gibber
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Literature review tolerable level (
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Literature review these channels pe
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Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
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Literature review the embryo (COPEL
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Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94: Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96: Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98: 2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
Page 99 and 100: Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
Page 101 and 102: Literature review Young embryos req
Page 103 and 104: Literature review and the addition
Page 105 and 106: Literature review organ is then pro
Page 107 and 108: Literature review environmental str
Page 109 and 110: 2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
Page 111 and 112: Literature review higher regenerati
Page 113 and 114: Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
Page 115 and 116: Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
Page 117 and 118: 3 Investigation into the habitat of
Page 119 and 120: Soil sampling and analysis The firs
Page 121 and 122: Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
Page 123 and 124: 4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
Page 125 and 126: 4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
Page 127 and 128: Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130: Germination physiology rosea seeds
Page 131 and 132: Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
Page 133: Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
Page 137 and 138: Germination physiology The relative
Page 139 and 140: Germination physiology seeds of R.
Page 141 and 142: 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
Page 143 and 144: In vitro culture initiation and mul
Page 145 and 146: 5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
Page 159 and 160: 5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
Page 163 and 164: 6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
Page 165 and 166: In vitro corm formation and floweri
Page 167 and 168: 6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
Page 177 and 178: Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 179 and 180: Commercialization potential of Romu
Page 181 and 182: BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
Page 183 and 184: Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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