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Literature review Within Ixieae there are the subtribes of Ixiinae, Tritoniinae, Gladiolinae, Radinosiphon, Hesperanthinae, Melasphaerula, Babianinae, Romuleinae, Freesiinae and Anapalinae. Romulea belongs to the subtribe of Romuleinae (GOLDBLATT, 1990). The other members of this subtribe are Crocus and Syringodea (GOLDBLATT, 1990). Other genera in Ixieae includes Anomatheca, Babiana, Chasmanthe, Crocosmia, Crocus, Devia, Dierama, Duthieatrum, Freesia, Geissorhiza, Gladiolus, Hesperantha, Ixia, Melasphaetula, Radinosiphon, Shizostylis, Syringodea, Tritonia, Tritonopsis and Zygotritonia (GOLDBLATT, 1990). REEVES et al. (2001) showed the close association of the two genera Romulea and Crocus. It also confirms the classification of GOLDBLATT (1990) with molecular techniques. This classification was obtained by REEVES et al. (2001) by combining sequencing work in the Iridaceae done by other studies with their own sequencing data and grouping these in a combined parsimonious tree with bootstrap percentages and Fitch weights. Maratti did a small taxonomic study on Romulea species in 1772 (DE VOS, 1972). In this work he described Romulea after a species growing in the neighbourhood of Rome. He proposed that this species was distinct from Crocus, Colchicum, Sisyrinchium, Bulbocodium and Ixia (DE VOS, 1972). 2.4 CONSERVATION STATUS As it is a moral duty of every scientist to be concerned about the conservation of species of which they are using reproductive material harvested from the wild, a section on the conservation status of this genus is therefore included. RAIMONDO et al. (2009) list Romulea as having fewer endangered species than previous studies (HILTON-TAYLOR, 1996). Although this is explained, it does not mention the status of one attractive species listed by HILTON-TAYLOR (1996) as 23
Literature review extinct, R. papyracea. According to RAIMONDO et al. (2009) there are 3 critically endangered species, 7 endangered species, 23 vulnerable species, 4 non- threatened, 4 rare, 2 data deficient, and 59 species of least concern. Most of the species used in this study are classed by RAIMONDO et al. (2009) as species of least concern or species with a very low risk of extinction. Exceptions are R. pearsonii and R. sabulosa which are listed as being vulnerable to extinction. 2.5 THE CLIMATE OF ROMULEA SPP. HABITATS The Namaqualand, where this genus has its centre of diversity, has a unique climate (DESMET, 2007). This is partially due to the fact that it is under the influence by two pronounced geographical rainfall gradients (DESMET, 2007). These are a latitudinal gradient of aridity and a longitudinal gradient of precipitation. The former decreases in precipitation towards the north into the Namib dessert and the latter brings precipitation from the winter-rainfall coastal areas and some summer-rainfall inland areas (DESMET, 2007). As a result, Namaqualand has highly reliable rainfall when compared to other arid regions with similar mean annual precipitation. Although rainfall in Namaqualand is low, it arrives between May and September almost every year. More than 60% of this rain is recorded during winter (DESMET, 2007). The cold Atlantic Ocean stabilises the climate of this region by preventing the intrusion of unstable air and by cooling this area with the aid of a pervasive south-westerly sea breeze (DESMET, 2007). The climatic conditions of regions where 8 of the species used in this study are commonly found are further described in more detail in the following paragraphs. Linking this data to data of flowering time and assuming that the flower will take a month to set seed gives a valuable insight into the temperature regime required for germination. Although only the above mentioned climatic conditions are discussed here, looking at the data a month before flowering also provides an estimation of what the most suitable temperature for further growth could be, whereas the climate at the time of flowering provides insight into possible physical stimuli for flowering. 24
Page 1 and 2: Propagation of Romulea species Pier
Page 3 and 4: Contents 2.7 GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5.3.1 Explants from seedli
Page 7 and 8: Abstract The suitability of various
Page 9 and 10: Declarations I Pierre André Swart,
Page 11 and 12: Declarations DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIO
Page 13 and 14: Publications from this thesis ASCOU
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2.13: Suther
Page 17 and 18: was significantly different from th
Page 19 and 20: List of Tables Table 2.1: Names of
Page 21 and 22: List of Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-Dic
Page 23 and 24: Die vlakhaas spits sy oor hy het di
Page 25 and 26: As die mens dan ook so sy dankbaarh
Page 27 and 28: Introduction where a great number o
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The subgenera Romulea
Page 31 and 32: 2 Literature review Leef van daad e
Page 33 and 34: Literature review Figure 2.2: Life
Page 35 and 36: Literature review Figure 2.4: Life
Page 37 and 38: Literature review The plants are sh
Page 39 and 40: Literature review flowers (DE VOS,
Page 41 and 42: Literature review often found on cl
Page 43 and 44: Literature review flowers of R. lei
Page 45 and 46: Literature review flattened upper s
Page 47: 2.2.16 Romulea tabularis Literature
Page 51 and 52: Literature review R. leipoldtii occ
Page 53 and 54: Literature review Figure 2.8: Calvi
Page 55 and 56: Literature review Figure 2.14: Fras
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Nieuwoudtville weather
Page 59 and 60: Literature review Figure 2.26: Grah
Page 61 and 62: Literature review Figure 2.29: Diag
Page 63 and 64: Literature review Figure 2.30: A te
Page 65 and 66: Literature review Macronutrients ca
Page 67 and 68: Literature review The soils of the
Page 69 and 70: Literature review The embryo is the
Page 71 and 72: Literature review Phase 2 is seen a
Page 73 and 74: Literature review endogenous gibber
Page 75 and 76: Literature review tolerable level (
Page 77 and 78: Literature review these channels pe
Page 79 and 80: Literature review 2.8.7 Seed dorman
Page 81 and 82: Literature review the embryo (COPEL
Page 83 and 84: Literature review germinated under
Page 85 and 86: Literature review (COPELAND, 1976).
Page 87 and 88: 2.9 BRIEF REVIEW OF IN VITRO CULTUR
Page 89 and 90: Literature review (DEBERGH, 1994).
Page 91 and 92: Literature review PIERIK (1997) sta
Page 93 and 94: Literature review The distinguishin
Page 95 and 96: Literature review The essential fun
Page 97 and 98: 2.9.3.4 Abscisic acid Literature re
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Table 2.6: Example of a matrix to e
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Literature review Young embryos req
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Literature review and the addition
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Literature review organ is then pro
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Literature review environmental str
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2.11 IN VITRO FLOWERING Literature
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Literature review higher regenerati
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Subfamily Ixioideae (continued) Tri
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Literature review Table 2.8: Corm i
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3 Investigation into the habitat of
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Soil sampling and analysis The firs
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Soil sampling and analysis Table 3.
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4 Germination physiology 4.1 INTROD
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4.2.2 Water content and imbibition
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Germination physiology (-N), phosph
Page 129 and 130:
Germination physiology rosea seeds
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Germination physiology Figure 4.4:
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Germination (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 77
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Germination (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 c
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Germination physiology The relative
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Germination physiology seeds of R.
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5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro
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In vitro culture initiation and mul
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5.2.3 Explant comparison In vitro c
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5.4 DISCUSSION In vitro culture ini
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6 In vitro corm formation and flowe
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In vitro corm formation and floweri
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6.3 RESULTS 6.3.1 Corm formation In
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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Commercialization potential of Romu
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BASKIN, C. C., and BASKIN, J. M. (1
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Literature cited DOWLING, P. M., CL
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Literature cited HILTON-TAYLOR, C.
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Literature cited KUMAR, A., SOOD, A
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Literature cited PIERIK, R. L. M. (
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Literature cited STEINITZ, B., COHE
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